Confirmatory analysis of 17β-boldenone, 17α-boldenone and androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione in bovine urine, faeces, feed and skin swab samples by liquid chromatography–electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry

Nielen, Michel W. F.; Rutgers, Paula; Bennekom, E.O. van; Lasaroms, J.J.P.; Rhijn, J.A. van

doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2003.11.026

Cited by 52 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 18 publications

(26 reference statements)

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“…If the faeces had been in contact with air for some time it is possible that the transformations we observed in the present study occurred in their study. The study of Nielen et al (2004) on untreated calves, reported in dried faeces similar concentrations and concentration ratios (ADD 790 ng/g, BOL 520 ng/g, BOL 21.0 ng/g) to ours.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 85%

“…However, the results of the urine analyses exclude this in the present study (Table I): BOL epimers and their metabolites were never detected. These substances always occur in urine following oral or parenteral boldenone administration (Nielen et al 2004, Sangiorgi et al 2004, De Brabander et al 2004.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By contrast, Nielen et al (2004) found that boldenone epimers were absent from faeces collected from the rectum but present in dried faeces at the low BOL level of 21.0 ng/g, and concluded that only massive and unlikely contamination would result in urine positivity to BOL.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…The authors attributed the high concentrations of 17-boldenone ( BOL), 1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione (ADD) and, in some samples, of 17-boldenone ( BOL) present in slaughterhouse faeces, to oral administration of BOL esters or precursors. More recently, Nielen et al (2004) found BOL (520.0 ng/g) and BOL (21.0 ng/g) in dried faeces from calves reported to be untreated; Sangiorgi et al (2005) detected these substances in rectal faeces from untreated calves, while De Brabander et al (2004) reported low concentrations of BOL and (1->10 ng/g) and BOL (0.1-2.0 ng/g) in faeces scraped off the skin of calves. It therefore seems that and BOL can be present in a wide range of concentrations in faecal materials sampled outside the animals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neoformation of boldenone and related steroids in faeces of veal calves

Pompa

Arioli

Fracchiolla

et al. 2006

Food Additives and Contaminants

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Conflicting findings regarding the boldenone content of bovine faeces suggest it may be synthesized de novo in emitted faeces. We tested this hypothesis by analysing uncontaminated urine, fresh and various forms of dried faeces from 10 calves (not given boldenone) by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry for 17-and 17-boldenone ( and BOL); 1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione (ADD); 4-androstene-3,17-dione (AED), testosterone (T) and epitestosterone (ET). Urine contained no BOL, BOL or ADD. The analysed substances were variably present in the rectal faeces, and at generally higher levels in faeces scraped from skin or stall floor. In pooled rectal faeces naturally dried for 13 days, BOL, ADD, AED and ET levels were extremely high (much higher than accounted for by increases due to drying), and BOL and T were absent. It is concluded that de novo synthesis of BOL and metabolites occurs naturally in bovine faeces and only uncontaminated urine should be analysed for illegal boldenone.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Neoformation of boldenone and related steroids in faeces of veal calves

Pompa

Arioli

Fracchiolla

et al. 2006

Food Additives and Contaminants

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“…To prevent the abuse of anabolics in animal production, biological samples, including urine, blood and hair, are periodically taken from selected farms. Existing literature relates the presence in the urine samples of BOL and ADD derivatives, like 17α-BOL and 17β-BOL conjugates, to proof of illegal treatment [7], while the presence of 17α-BOL free in urine and faeces of animal species can come from resources other than illegal treatment [18], like phytosterols in food [19]. Since no clear correlation has yet been found between different observations, studies are being carried out in order to better understand the significance of these metabolites in urine and faeces of cattle [7].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathology of the Testicle and Sex Accessory Glands Following the Administration of Boldenone and Boldione as Growth Promoters in Veal Calves

Cannizzo

Zancanaro

Spada

et al. 2007

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. Boldenone and its precursor Boldione are illegally used for anabolic purposes in humans, horses and cattle. To develop more effective policies and programs to maximize food security, Italian Public Health Services investigate all indicators capable of assisting the recognition of treated animals, and prioritize research and the formulation of action strategies for the promotion of healthy eating. Thus, an experimental administration of boldenone and boldione at anabolic dosages in veal calves was carried out to evaluate the changes in target organs by qualitative and semi-quantitative morphological analysis. The lesions resembled the effects already observed after the administration of androgen hormones to cattle. Main findings were represented by prostate hypersecretion, increased rate of apoptotic cells and decreased rate of Ki67 positive cells in the germ cell line of treated animals, particularly in boldione group and finally some new features like hypertrophy of the prostate urothelial cells.

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