Confirmation of Putative HIV-1 Group P in Cameroon

Vallari, Ana; Holzmayer, Vera; Harris, Barbara J.; Yamaguchi, Julie; Ngansop, Charlotte; Makamche, Florence; Mbanya, Dora; Kaptué, Lazare; Ndembi, Nicaise; Gürtler, Lutz; Devare, Sushil G.; Brennan, Catherine A.

doi:10.1128/jvi.02005-10

Cited by 118 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Group O viruses are more closely related to SIVgor than to SIVcpz, but it is unclear whether the immediate precursor to the human viruses infected chimpanzees or gorillas (1,9,15). Group P viruses are even more closely related to strains of SIVgor (11,12), indicating that they probably arose from a gorilla-to-human transmission, but the geographic location has not been defined.…”

Section: Significancementioning

confidence: 98%

“…One gave rise to group M, the cause of the AIDS pandemic, which has infected more than 40 million people and spread across Africa and throughout the rest of the world. At the other extreme, group N and P viruses have only been found in small numbers of individuals from Cameroon: group N in fewer than 20 individuals (10) and group P in only two individuals (11,12). Group O, although not nearly as prevalent as group M, has nonetheless caused a substantial epidemic.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Origin of the HIV-1 group O epidemic in western lowland gorillas

D’arc

Ayouba

Esteban

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

134

149

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HIV-1, the cause of AIDS, is composed of four phylogenetic lineages, groups M, N, O, and P, each of which resulted from an independent cross-species transmission event of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) infecting African apes. Although groups M and N have been traced to geographically distinct chimpanzee communities in southern Cameroon, the reservoirs of groups O and P remain unknown. Here, we screened fecal samples from western lowland (n = 2,611), eastern lowland (n = 103), and mountain (n = 218) gorillas for gorilla SIV (SIVgor) antibodies and nucleic acids. Despite testing wild troops throughout southern Cameroon (n = 14), northern Gabon (n = 16), the Democratic Republic of Congo (n = 2), and Uganda (n = 1), SIVgor was identified at only four sites in southern Cameroon, with prevalences ranging from 0.8–22%. Amplification of partial and full-length SIVgor sequences revealed extensive genetic diversity, but all SIVgor strains were derived from a single lineage within the chimpanzee SIV (SIVcpz) radiation. Two fully sequenced gorilla viruses from southwestern Cameroon were very closely related to, and likely represent the source population of, HIV-1 group P. Most of the genome of a third SIVgor strain, from central Cameroon, was very closely related to HIV-1 group O, again pointing to gorillas as the immediate source. Functional analyses identified the cytidine deaminase APOBEC3G as a barrier for chimpanzee-to-gorilla, but not gorilla-to-human, virus transmission. These data indicate that HIV-1 group O, which spreads epidemically in west central Africa and is estimated to have infected around 100,000 people, originated by cross-species transmission from western lowland gorillas.

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Section: Significancementioning

confidence: 98%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Origin of the HIV-1 group O epidemic in western lowland gorillas

D’arc

Ayouba

Esteban

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

134

149

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Basing on current phylogenetic analysis HIV-1 has been classified into four groups: main group (M), outlier group (O), non-M-non-O (N) group and newly group P [20]. Group M is responsible for the majority of HIV-1 infections globally and is divided into nine genetic subtypes (A, B, C, D, F, G, H, J, and K) [21]. To date HIV-1 subtypes A and C are the most prevalent in the worldwide epidemic.…”

Section: Hiv-1 Diversity In East Africamentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV-1 Diversity in Tanzania and its Implication toward Development of Effective Vaccines: A Review Article

2014

J Vaccines Vaccin

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Background: Human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) are characterized by extremely high genetic variability. This extensive heterogeneity resulted from high error rate of reverse transcriptase enzyme in combination with fast turnover of virions among HIV-infected individuals. With geographical distribution of subtypes its evolution and unpredictable process and intermixing of HIV-1 variants is inevitable. Recombinant viruses contribute already substantially to the global pandemic especially in sub-Saharan African. East Africa studies has shown more complex mixture of HIV-1 Subtypes and associated recombinant virus especially in Tanzania.

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“…In Cameroon, many studies have been carried out on genotyping subtypes of HIV-1 [86,97,98,99]. Recently, new HIV-1 groups named group N and group P have been identified from Cameroonian patients [100,101,102,103].…”

Section: Pcr Has Help In the Discovery And Description Of The Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%