Confined within: National territories as zones of confinement

The Parallels between Mass Incarceration and Mass Deportation: An Intersectional Analysis of State Repression

“…The expansion of immigration law enforcement has focused almost exclusively on immigrant men, yet scholarly studies of deportation rarely mention gender (Coutin 2010, Gibney 2008Hernandez 2008, Brotherton and Barrios 2011, Kanstroom 2012King, Massoglia, and Uggen 2012;Kretsedemas 2012;Hagan, Eschbach, and Rodriguez. 2008).…”

“…Instead of blaming crime on years of repression, on tremendous inequality or on poverty (conditions often created by the global economic restructuring itself), it is easier for the government to blame crime on deportees-expendable, stigmatized subjects. This can be seen happening in Jamaica, the Dominican Republic, and Central America (Brotherton and Barrios 2011;Headley et al 2005;Coutin 2010;Gonzalez 2013).…”

“…In El Salvador and Honduras, a similar trend can be seen with the blame placed primarily on deportation for the proliferation of gangs. In these and other countries, deportees have become a convenient scapegoat for longstanding public safety problems (Coutin 2010;Gonzalez 2013 …”

Conceptualizing detention

“…Coutin (2010) describes the ceremonial destruction of green cards upon entering United States immigration detention, where guards shred detainees' existing legal identities and attempt to reconstitute new personas in their place.…”

Expanding carceral geographies: challenging mass incarceration and creating a "community orientation" towards juvenile delinquency

“…In addition, the threat of imprisonment, deportation, and other coercive state practices are institutionalized throughout a range of state-centered social-control practices, which take place both in the prison but also through seemingly unrelated practices like state-funded housing (Coutin, 2010;Wacquant, 2008). Parole, probation, and violations of court order all carry the 378 E. Brown: Expanding carceral geographies threat of incarceration, and the entirety of criminal justice practices take place under the threat of imminent violence (Cover, 1986).…”