Confidence in value-based choice

Martino, Benedetto De; Fleming, Stephen M.; Garrett, Neil; Dolan, Raymond J.

doi:10.1038/nn.3279

Cited by 494 publications

(681 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Because uncertainty in decision making is generally reflected in longer response times (28,29), this explanation for hyperaltruistic valuation of pain is also consistent with our finding that hyperaltruism was greater in deciders who were slower to decide the fate of receivers than of themselves. However, the uncertainty account makes an additional prediction concerning behavioral noise.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…However, the uncertainty account makes an additional prediction concerning behavioral noise. Uncertainty in decision making is often reflected in choice noisiness, or more formally the fidelity with which decision values are translated into choices (28). If uncertainty when choosing for others relates to hyperaltruism, then hyperaltruism should be greater in deciders with noisier choices for the receiver than for themselves.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Harm to others outweighs harm to self in moral decision making

Crockett

Kurth‐Nelson

Siegel

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

258

330

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Significance Concern for the welfare of others is a key component of moral decision making and is disturbed in antisocial and criminal behavior. However, little is known about how people evaluate the costs of others’ suffering. Past studies have examined people’s judgments in hypothetical scenarios, but there is evidence that hypothetical judgments cannot accurately predict actual behavior. Here we addressed this issue by measuring how much money people will sacrifice to reduce the number of painful electric shocks delivered to either themselves or an anonymous stranger. Surprisingly, most people sacrifice more money to reduce a stranger’s pain than their own pain. This finding may help us better understand how people resolve moral dilemmas that commonly arise in medical, legal, and political decision making.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Harm to others outweighs harm to self in moral decision making

Crockett

Kurth‐Nelson

Siegel

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

258

330

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In particular, the ventro-medial part of the prefrontal cortex (vmPFC, mPFC in rodents) in humans has been associated with at least two specific functions which may contribute to the effects of reward motivation on memory integration. First, as a recipient of dopaminergic projections from motivational value-coding neurons in the ventromedial SNpc, it is driven by value or salience (BrombergMartin et al, 2010b) and is involved in guiding decisions based on value comparison (De Martino et al, 2013). BOLD signal in the vmPFC in tasks involving choice selection reflects the benefit of the action taken as well as the opportunity cost of the unchosen option (Rushworth et al, 2011).…”

Section: Reward-related Effects On (Peri-encoding) Memory Integrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of reward motivation on human declarative memory

Miendlarzewska

Bavelier

Schwartz

2016

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

146

134

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a b s t r a c tMotivational relevance can prioritize information for memory encoding and consolidation based on reward value. In this review, we pinpoint the possible psychological and neural mechanisms by which reward promotes learning, from guiding attention to enhancing memory consolidation. We then discuss how reward value can spill-over from one conditioned stimulus to a non-conditioned stimulus. Such generalization can occur across perceptually similar items or through more complex relations, such as associative or logical inferences. Existing evidence suggests that the neurotransmitter dopamine boosts the formation of declarative memory for rewarded information and may also control the generalization of reward values. In particular, temporally-correlated activity in the hippocampus and in regions of the dopaminergic circuit may mediate value-based decisions and facilitate cross-item integration. Given the importance of generalization in learning, our review points to the need to study not only how reward affects later memory but how learned reward values may generalize to related representations and ultimately alter memory structure.

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“…A range of studies suggests that the rostrolateral prefrontal cortex represents 46 confidence in both value-based and perceptual decisions 1,9,10,11 . Explicit representations of 47 confidence allow individuals to communicate the strength of their beliefs to others, facilitating group 48 decisions 12, 13 , but may play little role in one's own decision process.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to test this hypothesis we calculated an individual index of metacognitive sensitivity by 181 computing the difference in slope between psychometric functions fitted to high and low confidence 182 trials 1,31,32 . We then ran a logistic regression to predict changes of mind at time t future using 183 confidence measured at time t. In line with our initial hypothesis, we were able to show that the …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%