Confidence-Accuracy Calibration in Absolute and Relative Face Recognition Judgments.

Weber, Nathan; Brewer, Neil

doi:10.1037/1076-898x.10.3.156

Cited by 103 publications

(160 citation statements)

References 25 publications

(57 reference statements)

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“…The calibration functions reveal, in all conditions, a generally linear, positive relationship between the level of confidence expressed and the probability that a face had been seen before. For typical faces, this relationship is most evident in the upper half of the confidence scale (consistent with previous research demonstrating that individuals are better at discriminating degrees of "oldness" than degrees of "newness"; e.g., Weber & Brewer, 2004).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 70%

“…First, if ecphoric confidence ratings are insensitive to memory quality, they will not provide a reliable index of ecphory/recognition. Studies examining retrospective confidence ratings have consistently demonstrated that retrospective confidence judgments are less sensitive than memory performance itself to a variety of manipulations (e.g., Gigerenzer, Hoffrage, & Kleinbölting, 1991;Weber & Brewer, 2004). Although retrospective and ecphoric confidence are distinct, both presumably index memory and stimulus discriminability (see Macmillan & Creelman, 1991;Van Zandt, 2000;Wixted & Mickes, 2010).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Using ecphoric confidence ratings to discriminate seen from unseen faces: The effects of retention interval and distinctiveness

2012

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Theories of confidence processing for recognition judgments suggest that confidence indexes the degree of match between a presented stimulus and an image in memory (ecphoric similarity). Recent research has demonstrated that having participants rate their confidence that a face had been previously seen provides an equivalent or a better index of the stimulus's status than does eliciting a simple binary response (Sauer, Brewer, & Weber, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 137: 528-547, 2008). Using a face recognition paradigm, we manipulated retention interval and stimulus distinctiveness to directly test the suggestion that confidence indexes ecphoric similarity and to probe the boundary conditions for using confidence ratings to discriminate seen from unseen faces. Consistent with the proposed ecphoric basis for confidence ratings, mean confidence was higher for previously seen than for unseen faces, and conditions conducive to the formation of strong memories improved confidence-based discrimination. In all conditions, after the application of a classification algorithm, confidence ratings provided a more sensitive index of face status (i.e., seen or unseen) than did binary responses.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 70%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Using ecphoric confidence ratings to discriminate seen from unseen faces: The effects of retention interval and distinctiveness

2012

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“…A common example of this line of research in psychologylaw is accuracy of eyewitness testimony. Researchers demonstrated that confidence in one's identification of a defendant does not necessarily imply high accuracy (e.g., Weber & Brewer, 2004;Wells, Ferguson, & Lindsay, 1981). Germane to this discussion is that confidence functions as a degree of certainty about both one's judgment, and, in turn, the outcome of the testimony.…”

Section: Witness Self-efficacy and Confidencementioning

confidence: 95%

Witness self‐efficacy: Development and validation of the construct

Cramer

Neal

DeCoster

et al. 2010

Behavioral Sci & The Law

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The present study used a Self-Efficacy Theory (SET; Bandura, 1977Bandura, , 1986 framework to address the need for an outcome measure in witness preparation training. The construct of Witness Self-Efficacy, broadly defined as a witness's perceived ability to testify in court, was developed drawing largely on existing self-efficacy literature. The goal of the study was to establish initial psychometric properties for the Witness Self-Efficacy Scale (WSES).Participants acting either as mock witnesses or jurors took part in a two-phase study.First, 41 mock witnesses were asked to provide a written account of being falsely accused of an act. They were then briefly deposed about the account, and completed the WSES and construct validity questionnaires. Mock witnesses finally testified under cross-examination from a mock attorney about the accusations. In the second portion, a total of 290 mock jurors (six to eight per group) observed videotaped testimonies of participants from phase one. Mock jurors then provided predictive validity ratings of witness credibility, believability, innocence likelihood, efficacy, and agreement with testimony.Bi-variate correlation analyses showed that the WSES was significantly positively related with general self-efficacy, social self-efficacy, and general self-confidence. The WSES was significantly negatively related to introversion. The scale displayed non-significant relations with social desirability, depression, self-esteem, and innocence expectancy. Multivariate regression analyses showed that the scale failed to predict any of the primary mock juror ratings.Follow-up multivariate regression analyses showed that mock juror ratings of witness confidence iii and the WSES predicted dependent measures, although these independent variables were collinear. Finally, there was an interaction between self and observer ratings of the WSES as it predicted witness credibility.Results are discussed with regard to theoretical and applied implications. Contrary to SET, self-reported WSE appears to be largely correlated with confidence and fails to predict outcomes on its own. Concerning witness preparation, the WSES possesses solid construct validity and reliability, but requires further testing within a witness preparation training model to assess its practical utility. A self-efficacy based method of witness preparation is proposed as a manner of continued research using the WSES.

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“…Each photograph was presented for 500 ms with a 500-ms interval between stimuli. An interval of 500 ms was selected to prevent floor and ceiling effects (Weber & Brewer, 2004).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Second, we used a face recognition mini-lineup task (cf. Weber & Brewer, 2004), which presents identical faces at encoding and test, albeit in a lineup. Again, this permits large-scale data collection within and between subjects.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple confidence estimates as indices of eyewitness memory.

Sauer

Brewer

Weber

2008

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

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129

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Eyewitness identification decisions are vulnerable to various influences on witnesses' decision criteria that contribute to false identifications of innocent suspects and failures to choose perpetrators. An alternative procedure using confidence estimates to assess the degree of match between novel and previously viewed faces was investigated. Classification algorithms were applied to participants' confidence data to determine when a confidence value or pattern of confidence values indicated a positive response. Experiment 1 compared confidence group classification accuracy with a binary decision control group's accuracy on a standard old-new face recognition task and found superior accuracy for the confidence group for target-absent trials but not for target-present trials. Experiment 2 used a face mini-lineup task and found reduced target-present accuracy offset by large gains in target-absent accuracy. Using a standard lineup paradigm, Experiments 3 and 4 also found improved classification accuracy for target-absent lineups and, with a more sophisticated algorithm, for target-present lineups. This demonstrates the accessibility of evidence for recognition memory decisions and points to a more sensitive index of memory quality than is afforded by binary decisions.

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Confidence-Accuracy Calibration in Absolute and Relative Face Recognition Judgments.

Cited by 103 publications

References 25 publications

Using ecphoric confidence ratings to discriminate seen from unseen faces: The effects of retention interval and distinctiveness

Using ecphoric confidence ratings to discriminate seen from unseen faces: The effects of retention interval and distinctiveness

Witness self‐efficacy: Development and validation of the construct

Multiple confidence estimates as indices of eyewitness memory.

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