Conductometric sensor for ppb-level lithium-ion battery electrolyte leakage based on Co/Pd-doped SnO2

High Response and Selectivity of the SnO2 Nanobox Gas Sensor for Ethyl Methyl Carbonate Leakage Detection in a Lithium-Ion battery

“…Figure c shows the XPS spectrum of Sn 3d, and the binding energies of Sn 3d 3/2 and Sn 3d 5/2 are respectively 495.6 and 487.1 eV, which are in good agreement with the related reports of Sn 4+ . In addition, the XPS spectrum of O 1s is shown in Figure d, in which the peaks of the adsorbed oxygen (O A ), oxygen vacancies (O v ), and lattice oxygen (O L ) are respectively at 533.8, 532.4, and 531 eV. , The absorption peak proportions of O A and O L are, respectively, 24.7% and 62.01%. All of the above characterization results confirm the successful preparation of pure SnO 2 nanoboxes.…”

“…As shown in Figure f, the response values presented an increasing trend with the increase of injected electrolyte, and the response value of 0.8 μL reached to 38.86. Furthermore, in order to better simulate how the sensor responds after a real LIB leakage, the real-time detection of LIB puncture was further demonstrated . The LIB puncture simulation experiment was performed in an external box.…”

“…44 In addition, the XPS spectrum of O 1s is shown in Figure 2d, in which the peaks of the adsorbed oxygen (O A ), oxygen vacancies (O v ), and lattice oxygen (O L ) are respectively at 533.8, 532.4, and 531 eV. 24,45 The absorption peak proportions of O A and O L are, respectively, 24.7% and 62.01%. All of the above characterization results confirm the successful preparation of pure SnO 2 nanoboxes.…”

“…Furthermore, in order to better simulate how the sensor responds after a real LIB leakage, the real-time detection of LIB puncture was further demonstrated. 24 The LIB puncture simulation experiment was performed in an external box. As shown in Figure 5b−e, the external box was connected to the test platform by wires to guarantee the input of the thermal signal and the output of the electrical signal.…”

“…For example, Wang et al reported that 3% Nd-doped SnO 2 nanofibers showed high response values of 38.13 to 50 ppm DMC at 150 °C. Wan et al reported that a Co/Pd-doped SnO 2 sensor synthesized via a sol–gel method possessed ppb-level sensitivity (165% response to 500 ppb) and quick response/recovery time (66/240 s to 1 ppm) to DMC at 150 °C. However, the detection of EMC by SnO 2 sensors has not been systematically reported.…”