Conductivity of leaves and branches and its relation to the spectral dependence of attenuation by forests in meter and decimeter band

Experimental Dynamical Evolution of the Brillouin Precursor for Broadband Wireless Communication Through Vegetation

“…This may be due to the fact that the propagating EM wave in HH polarization encounters more wood and branches and less air than that of the V V polarization because of the predominantly horizontal orientation of the branches. Thus, actual medium, in this case a tree, can be seen as a polidispersive medium [14] composed of leafy vegetation, wood, and air, which is non-isotropic. Due to the non-isotropic and polidispersive features, the region illuminated by the antennas becomes critical.…”

“…Actual medium, in this case a tree, assumed a polidispersive medium [14] composed of vegetation and air. Thus, some dielectric models as those given by [16][17][18][19][20] are not valid, and if such models are used, the simulation results can largely be different than that of the actual medium.…”

Land Mobile Satellite Dual Polarized MIMO Channel Along Roadside Trees: Modeling and Performance Evaluation

“…The input to FDTD is a three dimensional cubically meshed tree model having a dielectric constant of 28 [13] and conductivity of 0.02 S/m [15]. The dimensions of the tree in the x, y, and z directions are 2.74 m, 2.64 m, and 3.17 m, respectively.…”

Microwave radiometry of vegetation canopies

“…A method and results of measurements of leaves and branches conductivity is presented in Chukhlantsev et al (2003a). Fresh cut coniferous branches with needles as well as branches of deciduous trees were used to measure their direct current conductivity.…”

“…One can see from (3)(4)(5) times less than those predicted by the models. Chukhlantsev et al (2003a) reported that the conductivity of forest canopy elements has a great effect upon the frequency dependence of microwave attenuation by the forest canopy, especially, at frequencies below 1 GHz. In the frequency range 10-600 MHz the spectral trend of the canopy extinction rate is mainly determined by the conductivity of the canopy elements.…”