Conducting Polymers as EAPs: Fundamentals and Materials

Otero, Toribio F.; Martínez, José G.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-31530-0_11

Cited by 8 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 94 publications

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“…[16][17][18][19][20][21] Electro-driven actuators using conductive polymers Electrically driven actuators were made by using electroconductive polymer networks. 22 The principle is based on reversible oxidation/reduction (doping/de-doping) reactions, as shown in…”

Section: Chemomechanical Gelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Electrically driven actuators were made by using electroconductive polymer networks 22 . The principle is based on reversible oxidation/reduction (doping/de‐doping) reactions, as shown in

\begin{matrix} lefttrue \\ ({CP}^{0}) + n {((), A^{-})}_{italicsol} + m (normalS) {([], ((), {CP}^{n +}) ((), {normalA}^{-}) n ((), S) m)}_{italicgel} + n {((), {normale}^{-})}_{metal} \\ Neutral Chains Oxidized Chains \end{matrix}

…”

Section: Soft and Wet Actuators With Muscle‐like Functionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Intelligent gels – artificial soft tissue for the next era

Sano

Kawamura

Osada

2021

Polymer International

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A substantial part of the human body is made of soft tissue which is a hydrogel consisting mainly of collagen and proteoglycan fiber networks. In the last decades, great effort has been made to create artificial tissues using synthetic and biological hydrogels. Examples are superior hydrogels which exhibit excellent mechanical properties like connective tissue and extremely low frictional coefficients like synovial cartilage. A tunable photonic crystal showing a variety of structural colors using nano‐dotted hydrogel is another unique example. Various types of gel actuators with muscle‐like motility have also been developed. In this article recent trends and achievements of intelligent gels with tissue‐like functions are described after a brief overview of the extracellular matrix. © 2021 Society of Industrial Chemistry.

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Section: Chemomechanical Gelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Electrically driven actuators were made by using electroconductive polymer networks 22 . The principle is based on reversible oxidation/reduction (doping/de‐doping) reactions, as shown in

\begin{matrix} lefttrue \\ ({CP}^{0}) + n {((), A^{-})}_{italicsol} + m (normalS) {([], ((), {CP}^{n +}) ((), {normalA}^{-}) n ((), S) m)}_{italicgel} + n {((), {normale}^{-})}_{metal} \\ Neutral Chains Oxidized Chains \end{matrix}

…”

Section: Soft and Wet Actuators With Muscle‐like Functionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intelligent gels – artificial soft tissue for the next era

Sano

Kawamura

Osada

2021

Polymer International

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“…During the de-doping (reduction) process the polymer bulk instead shrinks to expel solvent and counterions ( Figure 2.1.a). 54 In the case that the polymer contains immobile (polymer) doping ions, the opposite phenomenon typically occurs as a potential applied. The volume of the actuator instead decreases during oxidation and increases during the reduction process since electrons are injected to the CP and the immobile ions cannot escape the polymer.…”

Section: Mechanical Actuatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Upon bringing the CP to the neutral state (reduction) the negative charges of the immobile counter ions are compensated by that mobile positively charged counterions from the electrolyte when entering the bulk (Figure 2.1.b). 54 The volume changing the property of CPs make them also attractive to gain mechanical stimulation of cells. 55 Figure 2.1: Volume variations during redox reactions: a) For conducting polymer with mobile doping ions: swelling during oxidation and shrinking during reduction, b) for conducting polymer with immobile doping ions: shrinking during oxidation and swelling during reduction.…”

Section: Mechanical Actuatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overcoming Limitations of Iontronic Delivery Devices

Seitanidou

2020

Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations

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“…The actuation behavior of active (smart) materials is still very difficult to grasp by engineers who are not familiar with the multi-physics backgrounds: These are for example electro-activity in Dielectric Elastomers, phase transitions in hydrogels, combined electro-chemical interactions in conductive polymers or phase transitions in shape memory alloys [1][2][3]. In the current work, we provide a concept based on the normalization and general representation of active behavior using the concept of analogies: Different phenomena can be described as analog if they can be represented by the same macroscopic model, i.e.…”

Section: Active Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

A normalization concept for smart material actuation by the example of hydrogels

Ehrenhofer

Wallmersperger

2018

Proc Appl Math and Mech

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For passive (classical) materials, stress and strain are used to extract the material behavior from the sample behavior in a tensile test. In analogy, the actuation behavior of active (smart) materials can be normalized. In the present research, we show the normalization using the example of hydrogels that react with a volume change (swelling and deswelling) when exposed to stimulus-changes like temperature, chemical concentrations, pH or light intensity changes. The normalized behavior can then be implemented with the Temperature-Expansion-Model which is based on the analogy of active behavior with thermal expansion. This allows the simulation of arbitrary active structures and the extraction of the sensitivity measure to a stimulus. Active behaviorThe actuation behavior of active (smart) materials is still very difficult to grasp by engineers who are not familiar with the multi-physics backgrounds: These are for example electro-activity in Dielectric Elastomers, phase transitions in hydrogels, combined electro-chemical interactions in conductive polymers or phase transitions in shape memory alloys [1][2][3]. In the current work, we provide a concept based on the normalization and general representation of active behavior using the concept of analogies: Different phenomena can be described as analog if they can be represented by the same macroscopic model, i.e. mathematical representation. Well-known analogies are for example between electric and hydraulic circuits or between the thermal and chemical field. In the current work, we present how the active equilibrium behavior of different smart materials can be described in analogy to thermal expansion. Description of the Temperature-Expansion-ModelThe approach of representing the isotropic swelling of the hydrogel poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNiPAAm) with thermal expansion was called Temperature-Expansion-Model (TEM) [4,5] in order to avoid confusion with thermal expansion which is a physical process. The TEM is a phenomenological approach to represent the active behavior using the same mathematical description, which is also done in various actuator equations. Table 1: Equations for the Temperature-Expansion-Model (TEM), the extended (nonlinear) and the normalized version.

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Conducting Polymers as EAPs: Fundamentals and Materials

Cited by 8 publications

References 94 publications

Intelligent gels – artificial soft tissue for the next era

Intelligent gels – artificial soft tissue for the next era

Overcoming Limitations of Iontronic Delivery Devices

A normalization concept for smart material actuation by the example of hydrogels

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