Conducting Polymer Hydrogels as 3D Electrodes: Applications for Supercapacitors

Abstract

cules 1b-4 and 1b-5 as the prototype of optimized nonlinearity-stability-solubility characteristics, whereby a typical mb value of 22 000 10 ±48 esu is found for molecule 1b-5). This opens an interesting route to poled materials for electrooptic-modulation and photorefractive applications. [32,33] The results also demonstrate that the cubic polarizabilities increase much more with conjugated length compared to quadratic polarizabilities, leading to enhanced cubic nonlinearities (up to g(0) values of about 7400´10 ±36 esu). In addition, the present work emphasizes the challenging potential of new engineering routes towards the optimization of materials with large cubic nonlinearities via increasing the magnitude of the g peaks. ExperimentalPolyenals of the series 1a and 2a were obtained from the corresponding generic aldehydes via a sequential protocol based upon Wittig oxyprenylation followed by acidic hydrolysis [9]. The synthesis of push-pull derivatives 1±2,b±c was carried out by reacting 1a-n (or 2a-n) with one equivalent of malonodinitrile (or methylrhodanine) in refluxing ethanol. After evaporation of the solvent, the crude compounds were purified by column chromatography and recrystallization. Pure all-trans compounds were obtained as assessed by NMR, elemental analyses, and mass spectrometry. The DSC records were recorded in air using a Perkin-Elmer DSC 7 microcalorimeter. CV was performed using a classical three electrodes cell as described in the literature [9].Dipole moments were obtained from dielectric and refractive index measurement performed in dry toluene as carried out in the literature [9], except in the case for molecules of the series 2b,c, for which m values derived from electrooptical measurements were used [20]. EFISH measurements were carried out using the experimental protocol and quartz reference described in the literature [9]. The experimental accuracy ranges between 5 and 10 %. For each molecule THG experiments were conducted using solutions of five different concentrations in chloroform and the experimental protocol described in the literature [34]. The measurements were calibrated relative to fused silica for which a w 3 value of 2.8´10 ±14 esu (3.9´10 ±22 m 2 V ±2 ) was used [35]. The experimental accuracy amounts to 5 %.

Conducting polymer hydrogel materials for high-performance flexible solid-state supercapacitors

“…Conducting polymer electrodes possess several merits, such as high electric conductivity, large capacitance, inherent flexibility and easy to processing [13][14][15][16][17][18]. However, the separations of the molecular chains in conducting polymers are generally small relative to the double layer thickness, which results in low capacitance [19]. Besides, the low ionic mobility in the polymer matrix reduces the maximum power density of such electrodes [20].…”

“…Generally, the hydrogels are employed as solid-state electrolyte of supercapacitors, such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) gel polymer electrolyte. Recently, conducting polymer hydrogels were used as electrode materials for supercapacitors instead of traditional solid electrodes [19,[23][24][25]. This "aqua material electrode" is conducting polymer matrix swollen with water and ions, which hence produce an ideal interface between the electrode materials and the electrolyte solution.…”

Photopatternable PEDOT:PSS/PEG hybrid thin film with moisture stability and sensitivity

“…Subsequently, a thicker layer of PEDOT:PSS can be transferred onto the crosslinked PEG substrate, and, therefore, an increased electrical conductivity, which is supposedly proportional to the thickness of the PEDOT:PSS layer 39 , is expected to be measured from the hybrid PEDOT:PSS/PEG film. As previous publications stated [40][41][42] , the hybrid structure only polymerizes under UV exposure when the diffusion of PEGDA penetrates into the PEDOT:PSS layers. Thus, it is reasonable to approximate the PEGDA diffusion length as the thickness of the conductive PEDOT:PSS/PEG complex, which can be directly calculated from the measured film conductance.…”

“…Other groups have also reported a similar photoinduced grafting approach to patterning PEGDA onto a PDMS surface 41 . Considering a PEDOT:PSS conducting film containing a similar porous structure, it is reasonable to envision that the PEGDA solution can diffuse into the porous topology of PEDOT:PSS and crosslink the two chemicals together in a polymerization process 42 . Therefore, when the PEGDA solution is first flowed in between the photoreactive PDMS and PEDOT:PSS layers, the PEGDA molecules first diffuse into both porous PDMS and PEDOT:PSS structures and then form crosslinked networks under UV exposure.…”

Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Organo-Inorganic Hybrid Material of Poly(3,4-Ethylene Dioxythiophene) and Phosphomolybdate Anion

“…Related to that, Gomez-Romero, Otero and their co-workers have successfully incorporated inorganic cluster anions into polymer matrix [7,8]. Among the most conducting polymers, Poly(3,4-Ethylene Dioxythiophene) (PEDOT) is the most attractive one as it has been reported to exhibit greatly enhanced stability and to be more ''environment friendly'' compared to polypyrrole and polyaniline [10]. Therefore, it has been attracting growing interest for applications in supercapacitors and lithium ion batteries [11].…”