Conductance Recording of Ionic Outflow from Frog Skin Glands during Nerve Stimulation

Lang, L.; Sjöberg, Mathilda; Skoglund, C. R.

doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1975.tb05791.x

Cited by 16 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 14 publications

(6 reference statements)

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“…In another series of tests we applied weak aqueous solutions of NaCl to the skin surface during repeated mechanical stimulation in order to simulate the glandular secretions (McAfee, 1970;Lang, et al 1975). Deionized water was first applied while the probe was in contact with the skin to eliminate effects due solely to wetting of the probe-skin interface.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…& Skoglund, 1975), individual receptors were tested with both a 'dry' and a 'wet' probe-skin interface. The 'dry' condition was produced by wiping the skin with cotton after a water rinse; the 'wet' condition was established by topical application of deionized water while the probe was in contact with the skin.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sympathetic-evoked glandular secretions were considered to be of potential importance in mediating sympathetic effects on receptors for several reasons: (a) sympathetic stimulation has been demonstrated to result in the secretion of Na+ and Cl-ions from frog skin glands (Lindley, 1969;Lang et al 1975); there is evidence that Na+ and Cl-concentrations influence the potential difference across frog skin (House, 1971); and (c) Loewenstein (1956) has shown that potential changes imposed across frog skin can summate with the action of monoamines in modulating mechanoreceptor sensitivity. Our experimental data are not consistent with such a mechanism of action for three of the four receptor classes studied (s.a.c., r.a.s.…”

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Sympathetic modulation of mechanoreceptor sensitivity in frog skin.

Calof¹,

Jones²,

Roberts³

1981

The Journal of Physiology

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SUMMARY1. Sympathetic effects on the mechanical sensitivity of frog cutaneous mechanoreceptors were examined in vivo.2. Functionally identified units were tested with repetitive mechanical stimuli of threshold intensity during electrical stimulation of the sympathetic trunk.3. Sympathetic activity resulted in increased sensitivity for three classes of afferents; slowly adapting compression receptors, slowly adapting stroke receptors, and rapidly adapting stroke receptors. Decreased sensitivity was produced in the fourth class, rapidly adapting compression receptors.4. Preliminary tests of several possible modes of sympathetic influence indicated that blood flow changes, changes in probe-skin coupling and changes in tissue compliance could not account for the observed changes in receptor sensitivity. Na+ and Cl-ions, secreted by cutaneous mucous glands were found to be possible contributors to the decreased sensitivity of rapidly adapting compression receptors. Direct neurotransmitter action on the receptors, a likely mechanism of sympathetic action, was not tested.5. The data indicate that systematic changes in cutaneous sensibility occur with modest changes in sympathetic efferent activity. Possible mechanisms of these sympathetic effects are discussed.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Sympathetic modulation of mechanoreceptor sensitivity in frog skin.

Calof¹,

Jones²,

Roberts³

1981

The Journal of Physiology

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“…Thus, the subthreshold EPSPs may have another functional role; perhaps they generate APs during the development of the peptidergic late-slow EPSP in B-cells as has been demonstrated in vitro (Schulman & Weight, 1976). The list of probable targets in the skin that can be innervated by B-cells includes mucous and granular glands (Honma, 1970), cold receptors (Spray, 1974) and mechanoreceptors (Loewenstein, 1956;Lang et al 1975). Although these targets receive a low-frequency sympathetic discharge without any baroreceptor modulation (about 40% of B-cells had a frequency of APs lower than 0 1 s-1), these lowdischarge frequencies are unlikely to result from selective depression of sympathetic transmission to B-cells as a result of urethane anaesthesia because the frequency of APs ranged widely in different cells in the same animal (from 0 01 to 0'4 s-').…”

Section: Characteristics Of B-sympathetic Pathwaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Peripheral targets for neurones in paravertebral sympathetic ganglia of the bullfrog (BFSG) include the bladder, mucous and granular glands, as well as blood vessels in the skin and in striated muscles. Stimulation of the preganglionic C-fibres causes vasoconstriction in the skin and muscle (Honma, 1970;Yoshimura, 1979;Horn, Fatherazi & Stofer, 1988;Stofer, Fatherazi & Horn, 1990), whereas stimulation of B-fibres produces secretion from cutaneous glands (Honma, 1970;Lang, Sjoberg & Skoglund, 1975), modulation of the sensitivity of cutaneous mechanoreceptors (Loewenstein, 1956) and a shortening of the recovery of arterioles which had been previously constricted following C-fibre stimulation (Yoshimura, 1979). The B-fibre and C-fibre systems originate from separate groups of neurones in the spinal cord and remain anatomically separate as they pass through the paravertebral ganglia (Nishi & Koketsu, 1960;Dodd & Horn 1983a;; but see also Smith & Weight, 1986).…”

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In vivo activity of B‐ and C‐neurones in the paravertebral sympathetic ganglia of the bullfrog.

Ivanoff

Smith

1995

The Journal of Physiology

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1. Spontaneous, in vivo synaptic activity was recorded from 146 B‐cells and 60 C‐cells in the IXth and Xth paravertebral sympathetic ganglia of the urethane‐anaesthetized bullfrog. Sympathetic outflow to the blood vessels, which are innervated by C‐cells, is different from that received by targets in the skin, which are innervated by B‐cells. 2. B‐cells were divided into three groups: the first (61 cells) exhibited only action potentials (APs) at 0.01‐0.3 s‐1; the second (59 cells) exhibited APs and EPSPs and the third (26 cells) were silent. In addition to their usual suprathreshold input from the ipsilateral sympathetic chain, 53% of B‐cells received subthreshold input which probably arose from fibres in the contralateral chain. ‘Slow’ B‐cells exhibited less subthreshold activity and a slightly higher AP frequency than ‘fast’ B‐cells. All B‐cells are involved in a sympathetic reflex which is activated by tactile stimulation of the skin of the hindlimb. Activation of this reflex increased AP frequency without promoting long‐lasting depolarization. 3. Sixty‐seven per cent of C‐cells exhibited rhythmic bursting activity with or without small intraburst EPSPs. Bursts tended to correlate with electrocardiographic (ECG) activity. The remainder exhibited an irregular pattern of activity which was not correlated with ECG activity and which included one to three APs and EPSPs interspersed between the bursts. Activity of both types of C‐cell was inhibited following stimulation of the skin. 4. An average of twenty‐three B‐cells and twenty‐one C‐cells discharge simultaneously in vivo. This reflects branching of preganglionic fibres and results in synchrony of discharge in both postganglionic B‐ and C‐fibres.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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Differential projections of B and C sympathetic axons in peripheral nerves of the bullfrog

Horn

Fatherazi

Stofer

1988

J of Comparative Neurology

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Accumulating evidence indicates that electrophysiologically distinct subsets of sympathetic neurons selectively innervate different classes of targets. The organization of this system may therefore be reflected in the sympathetic fiber contents of peripheral nerves. To test this possibility, we have mapped the pathways followed by three groups of postganglionic sympathetic axons in the bullfrog by recording compound action potentials and by retrograde tracing with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The axons that were studied arise from fast B, slow B, and C-type neurons in ganglia 9 and 10 at the lumbar end of the paravertebral sympathetic chain. They project to peripheral targets primarily by way of the sciatic nerve and can be distinguished by the velocities with which they conduct action potentials. Action potentials were recorded with suction electrodes from isolated preparations composed of paravertebral chain ganglia 7-10, the sciatic nerve, and branches of the sciatic nerve that supply striated muscles, skin, and the bladder. Preganglionic B fibers were selectively activated by stimulating the paravertebral chain rostral to ganglion 7, and preganglionic C fibers were selectively activated by stimulating spinal nerves 7 and 8 at points central to their rami communicantes. Compound action potentials recorded from the sciatic, peroneal, tibial, and sural nerves and from the primary trunk of the pelvic nerve were each found to contain three components produced, respectively, by fast B, slow B, and C-type sympathetic axons. Similarly, action potentials recorded from cutaneous branches of the sciatic tree were found to contain three sympathetic components. By contrast, when compound action potentials were recorded from branches of the sciatic tree that directly enter and innervate striated muscles and also the bladder, the sympathetic responses were found to arise solely from C-type axons. HRP was used to label the sympathetic neurons that project to the sartorius muscle and into the cutaneous lateral crural nerve. Retrograde transport of HRP from the sartorius muscle labeled 17 +/- 4 (mean +/- s.d.) sympathetic neurons and 27 +/- 3 spinal motoneurons while transport from the lateral crural nerve labeled 68 +/- 47 sympathetic neurons but no spinal neurons. The average somatic diameter of ganglion cells projecting to the sartorius muscle was significantly smaller than that of cells projecting to the lateral crural nerve. The electrophysiological results indicate that fast B and slow B sympathetic axons in the sciatic trunk and its primary branches project selectively into cutaneous nerves while sympathetic C axons project into all peripheral nerves.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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Conductance Recording of Ionic Outflow from Frog Skin Glands during Nerve Stimulation

Cited by 16 publications

References 14 publications

Sympathetic modulation of mechanoreceptor sensitivity in frog skin.

Sympathetic modulation of mechanoreceptor sensitivity in frog skin.

In vivo activity of B‐ and C‐neurones in the paravertebral sympathetic ganglia of the bullfrog.

Differential projections of B and C sympathetic axons in peripheral nerves of the bullfrog

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