Condoms: Past, present, and future

Marfatia, YS; Pandya, Ipsa; Mehta, Kajal S

doi:10.4103/0253-7184.167135

Cited by 27 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 10 publications

(9 reference statements)

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“…Top global condom vendors are, for example, Church & Dwight, Ansell, and Reckitt Benckiser (Research and Markets 2017). They are mainly made from natural rubber while other materials are lamb skins or synthetic rubber, such as polyisoprene or polyurethane (Marfatia et al 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A condom’s footprint - life cycle assessment of a natural rubber condom

Birnbach¹,

Lehmann

Naranjo³

et al. 2020

Int J Life Cycle Assess

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Purpose Worldwide, billions of condoms are used each year, and many brands popped up that are working on sustainable solutions. However, none has published an analysis of a condom’s life using a standardized and quantitative approach such as the life cycle assessment (LCA). This study presents the first LCA of a natural rubber condom from einhorn products GmbH. It has been conducted to identify environmental hotspots, future research needs along the entire life of a condom and to open up a discussion among interested stakeholder. Methods The assessed environmental impacts are climate change, water depletion, eutrophication, ecotoxicity, acidification, human toxicity, and photochemical oxidant formation. The data were obtained by intensive literature research and consultation of customers and suppliers. Results and discussion The hotspot assessment showed that, on average, more than 90% of impacts are contributed by the production and downstream phases. Activities contributing most are energy consumption and packaging material used during condom production, production of tissue paper used to discard condoms, international transport, and business travels. The upstream life cycle phases do show minor contributions to most of the categories except for ecotoxicity, where the plantation activities are responsible for around 50% of the emissions. However, the impact of plantation might be underestimated because of missing analysis of biodiversity and especially for countries where rubber is responsible for deforestation the contribution of the plantation could increase. Conclusions The results highlight the importance of the condom's production, packaging, and the end-of-life stage. Future research should address the sensitivity of the results regarding further impact categories and should verify assumptions made and fill data gaps within the inventory.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A condom’s footprint - life cycle assessment of a natural rubber condom

Birnbach¹,

Lehmann

Naranjo³

et al. 2020

Int J Life Cycle Assess

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…In fact, skin contact is one of the most relevant exposure routes to these materials, considering both an occupational scenario and specific ones related to skin applications of GBMs [ 8 , 9 ]. The latter consists of GBM-enriched devices used as biosensors, wearable soft bioelectronics and novel touchscreens, but can be represented also by GBM-enriched novel textiles, seat coatings and even new-generation condoms, among others [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ]. In this regard, we already characterized the in vitro toxic effects induced by short (24 h) and long (72 h) exposures to GBMs on skin HaCaT keratinocytes, a spontaneously immortalized non-tumor cell line that, resembling the functional properties of undifferentiated keratinocytes, is widely used as a screening tool to assess the mechanism of cutaneous toxicity [ 23 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Partial Reversibility of the Cytotoxic Effect Induced by Graphene-Based Materials in Skin Keratinocytes

et al. 2020

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In the frame of graphene-based material (GBM) hazard characterization, particular attention should be given to the cutaneous effects. Hence, this study investigates if HaCaT skin keratinocytes exposed to high concentrations of few-layer graphene (FLG) or partially dehydrated graphene oxide (d-GO) for a short time can recover from the cytotoxic insult, measured by means of cell viability, mitochondrial damage and oxidative stress, after GBM removal from the cell medium. When compared to 24 or 72 h continuous exposure, recovery experiments suggest that the cytotoxicity induced by 24 h exposure to GBM is only partially recovered after 48 h culture in GBM-free medium. This partial recovery, higher for FLG as compared to GO, is not mediated by autophagy and could be the consequence of GBM internalization into cells. The ability of GBMs to be internalized inside keratinocytes together with the partial reversibility of the cellular damage is important in assessing the risk associated with skin exposure to GBM-containing devices.

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“…In this study, people with multiple sexual partners were more likely to use dating apps. However, the effective use of barrier protection greatly diminishes the likelihood of STI contraction, with the male condom offering 90% protection against gonorrhea [22]. Those who perceived the risk of sex with no form of contraception to be very high were 2.5 times more likely to use dating apps and those using condoms were almost twice as likely to use dating apps, potentially signaling that dating app users are aware of the risks involved.…”

Section: Principal Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geosocial Networking Dating App Usage and Risky Sexual Behavior in Young Adults Attending a Music Festival: Cross-sectional Questionnaire Study

Garga¹,

Thomas²,

Bhatia³

et al. 2021

J Med Internet Res

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Background Despite the prevalent use of geosocial networking dating apps (GNDAs), there is limited research on their impact on sexual health outcomes among young music festivals attendees. Objective This study aims to explore the use of GNDAs and risky sexual behaviors of young adults attending a music festival. Methods The music festival attendees (N=862) completed a cross-sectional questionnaire study encompassing demographics, dating app use, and risky sexual behaviors in the past year. Associations between these variables were estimated using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Results Of the respondents, 51.9% (448/862) had used GNDAs in the previous year. Compared with people who had 1 partner, people who had 2-5 sexual partners in the previous year had almost 7 times the odds of using dating apps (odds ratio [OR] 6.581, 95% CI 4.643-9.328) and those who had more than 5 partners had 14 times the odds of using dating apps (OR 14.294, 95% CI 8.92-22.906). Condom users were more likely to be app users (P<.001), as were those who relied on emergency Plan B (P=.002), but people using hormonal contraception were less likely to use dating apps (P=.004). After adjusting for sexual orientation and relationship status, those having casual sex had 3.096 (95% CI 2.225-4.307; P<.001) times the odds of using dating apps and those having multiple sexual partners had 3.943 (95% CI 2.782-5.588; P<.001) times the odds of using dating apps. Similarly, after adjusting for sexual orientation, relationship status, and number of sexual partners, people who had no discussions before having sex about sexually transmitted infections (STIs) or boundaries were more likely to use dating apps (OR 1.755, 95% CI 1.232-2.500; P=.002). Those who perceived the risk of having sex without contraception to be very high had 2.486 (95% CI 2.213-5.096; P=.01) times the odds of using dating apps than those who perceived no risk. Compared with those who perceived no risk, people who thought that the risk of having multiple sexual partners was low to high had 1.871 (95% CI 1.024-3.418; P=.04) times the odds of using dating apps. A significant number of app users (389/440, 88.4%) indicated that GNDAs should promote safe sex. Conclusions This study identified that festival goers engaging in certain high-risk sexual behaviors, including casual sex, having multiple sexual partners, and having sex without discussion about STI status and boundaries, are more likely to use dating apps. Festival goers who perceived sex without any form of contraception, having sex while drunk, and having multiple sexual partners as risky were more likely to be app users. Policy makers and GNDA developers should acknowledge the vulnerability of their users to adverse sexual health outcomes and use GNDAs as a platform to promote risk-reduction practices.

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Condoms: Past, present, and future

Cited by 27 publications

References 10 publications

A condom’s footprint - life cycle assessment of a natural rubber condom

A condom’s footprint - life cycle assessment of a natural rubber condom

Partial Reversibility of the Cytotoxic Effect Induced by Graphene-Based Materials in Skin Keratinocytes

Geosocial Networking Dating App Usage and Risky Sexual Behavior in Young Adults Attending a Music Festival: Cross-sectional Questionnaire Study

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