Condom Use Behaviors in HIV–Infected African American Crack Cocaine Users

Timpson, Sandra C.; Williams, Mark L.; Bowen, Angela; Keel, K. Blair

doi:10.1080/08897070309511552

Cited by 17 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…A esse respeito, nos Estados Unidos, Perlman et al 7,8 identificaram o shotgun, uma estratégia de uso que, embora encarada como o compartilhamento inocente de crack (e outras drogas fumáveis) entre dois usuários, tem propiciado contextos eróticos de uso, aumentando a incidência de encontros homo e heterossexuais. Como na cultura de crack o uso de preservativos é geralmente inconsistente 9 , esses encontros podem facilitar a transmissão de HIV e outras doenças sexualmente transmissíveis (DSTs). Como os principais aspectos das culturas de crack brasileira e norte-americana têm caminhado pari passu, sugere-se que essa técnica, entre outras de riscos semelhantes, já exista em contexto brasileiro, embora não tenha sido formalmente identificada.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Crack na cidade de São Paulo: acessibilidade, estratégias de mercado e formas de uso

Oliveira

Nappo²

2008

Rev. psiquiatr. clín.

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ResumoContexto: No Brasil, levantamentos epidemiológicos têm apontado o aumento do uso de crack, possivelmente em razão de mudanças de seu acesso, estratégias de mercado e formas de uso. Objetivo: Identificar tais aspectos da cultura de uso de crack, na cidade de São Paulo, sob a perspectiva do próprio usuário. Métodos: Adotou-se amostra intencional, selecionada por critérios, composta de usuários (n = 45) e ex-usuários de crack (n = 17). Recrutados por meio de informantes-chave e técnica de amostragem em cadeias, cada participante submeteu-se à entrevista semiestruturada. Resultados: Atualmente, conforme os entrevistados, o acesso a crack é simples, facilitado por estratégias de mercado como a entrega em domicílio do crack (crack delivery). As pedras têm sido substituídas pelo farelo, forma mais barata e adulterável da droga. Embora o cachimbo artesanal de alumínio seja a forma de uso mais comum, têm-se identificados o shotgun e o uso combinado de crack a tabaco ou maconha. Conclusões: Embora de caráter preliminar, esse estudo aponta que a qualidade, o mercado e as estratégias de uso de crack têm sofrido mudanças, implicando potenciais riscos à saúde do usuário, sugerindo sua consideração à atualização das políticas públicas e dos programas de intervenção atualmente vigentes. OliveiraLG, Nappo SA / Rev Psiq Clín. 2008;35(6):212-8 Palavras-chave: Cocaína-crack, comportamento, pesquisa qualitativa, antropologia cultural, políticas públicas de saúde. AbstractBackground: In Brazil, survey data have pointed to an increase in crack cocaine lifetime use, possibly due to changes on its accessibility, market strategies and ways of use. Objective: To identify such issues in the crack cocaine culture of use, in São Paulo, according to the user point of view. Methods: An intentional sample was selected, composed by crack users (n = 45) and former users (n = 17). Recruited through key-informants and chain sampling methods, each participant was submitted to an in-depth semi-structured interview. Results: Nowadays, as reported by interviewees, it is quite simple to get crack cocaine, especially through new market strategies as crack cocaine delivery. Rocks have been replaced by "crack powder", the cheapest and easily "changeable" crack cocaine. Although makeshift aluminum pipes are the commonest way of use, others have been identified, among them, "shotgun" and the combined use with tobacco or marijuana. Discussion: Although preliminary in nature, this study points that crack cocaine quality, market strategies and ways of use have changed, implying in potential heath risks to users suggesting its utilization to the health public policies and intervention methods updating.

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Section: Introductionunclassified

Crack na cidade de São Paulo: acessibilidade, estratégias de mercado e formas de uso

Oliveira

Nappo²

2008

Rev. psiquiatr. clín.

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“…However, some studies have shown that HIV-positive drug users show resistance to reduce high-risk behaviors. This may be due to social pressure, poverty, unemployment, low educational level, substance dependence, and clients' preferences (9). Little investigation has been conducted on the effect of HIVpositive awareness on the modification of risk behaviors among female HIV-positive drug-users.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drug Use and High-Risk Sexual Behaviors of Women at a Drop-In Center in Mazandaran Province, Iran, 2014

Taghizadeh¹,

Taghizadeh²,

Fathi³

et al. 2015

Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci

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Background: Female drug users are more likely to transmit human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to their sexual partners. Little is known about HIV, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), cervicitis, and drug abuse among female sex workers in Iran. Objectives: Therefore, this study was conducted at a drop-in center (DIC) in Iran to investigate the prevalence of HIV associated risk factors, the prevalence of drug use, high-risk sexual behaviors, and the relationship between the associated factors in women. Patients and Methods:This quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted on 190 female sex workers (SW) in a DIC in Sari, Mazandaran, Northern Iran, in January and February 2014. The study sample was selected through census sampling. In the end, 190 female SWs referring to the DIC participated in our study. There was no limitation in sampling. The self-administered questionnaire was completed via an interview. Results:The results showed that 39% of the female SWs were less than 30 years old and 64% had elementary school education. In addition, 59% of the participants took some type of illegal drugs and 1.1% of them were reportedly injecting drug users. Moreover, 43% of them had substance dependent husbands, and 39% were reportedly regular condom users. They had 1 -10 sexual partners on average per week. The overall prevalence of HIV infection was 4%. A significant relationship was found between the type of drugs used and factors such as having a substance dependent husband, use of condom during the last sexual contact, regular condom use, and the number of sexual acts per week. A significant correlation exists between using psychiatric drugs and factors like regular condom use, education, cervicitis, and the number of sexual conducts per week. Conclusions: Female sex workers often engage in sex for financial reasons and are at high risk of drug abuse, HIV, and cervicitis. In addition, the rate of cervicitis among females with high-risk sexual behavior is considerable in Mazandaran, Iran. Therefore, the state authorities should provide sex workers with health care services and help them acquire a good job to support their life.

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“…This is also the case with African-Americans whose STD-and HIV-risks are especially high (Brunswick & Flory, 1998;Edlin et al, 1992;Riehmann et al, 1998;Ross, Timpson, Williams, & Bowen, 2003b;Timpson et al, 2001;Wingood & DiClemente, 1998). African-American crack cocaine users exchange sex for drugs and/or money, have sex with multiple concurrent partners, use condoms inconsistently, and have more sex partners than non-crack cocaine users (Calsyn, Meinecke, Saxon, & Stanton, 1992;Desenclos, Papaevangelou, & Ancelle-Park, 1993;Hershberger, Wood, & Fisher, 2003;Ross, Kohler, Grimley, & Bellis, 2003a;Timpson, Williams, Bowen, & Keel, 2003;Williams et al, 2000). Several theoretical models of behavior change, such as the Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1991), social cognitive theory (Bandura, 1986), the Health Belief Model (Becker & Joseph, 1988), an AIDS-risk model (Catania, Kegeles, & Coates, 1990), and the transtheoretical model (Prochaska & DiClemente, 1984, 1986 have been used to explain condom use behavior.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stages of Consistent Condom Use, Partner Intimacy, Condom Use Attitude, and Self-Efficacy in African-American Crack Cocaine Users

et al. 2008

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This study examined how condom use attitude, self-efficacy, and partner intimacy related to five stages of consistent condom use. Interview data were collected from sexually active, heterosexual, African-American crack cocaine smokers (N = 366). Dependent measures assessed both the participants' own responses and their perceptions about their last sex partner's own personal condom use attitude and participants' condom use self-efficacy expectations. Partner intimacy was assessed both as a continuous attitudinal and as a discrete relationship measure. Less than 10% were classified as consistent condom users. Two thirds of inconsistent users were in the Precontemplation (PC) stage. The contemplation (C) and preparation (P) stages were equal among the remainder of the inconsistent condom users. Higher partner intimacy reduced modestly readiness for consistent condom use. The stage but not the intimacy group was related to the condom use attitudes and self-efficacy measures. Last partners' perceived own negative attitudes were significantly related to the stages of consistent condom use and was especially low in the action (A) and maintenance (M) stages. Participants' own negative attitudes were unrelated to the stages. Of the self-efficacy measures, both participants' performance and situational condom use self-efficacies increased significantly after the PC stage and were highest in the P, A, and M stages. However, situational self-efficacy accounted for most of performance self-efficacy variance. In sum, consistent condom use was rare. A partner's attitudes and the participants' own situational self-efficacy expectations, rather than intimacy, determined the readiness to adopt consistent condom use.

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Condom Use Behaviors in HIV–Infected African American Crack Cocaine Users

Cited by 17 publications

References 34 publications

Crack na cidade de São Paulo: acessibilidade, estratégias de mercado e formas de uso

Crack na cidade de São Paulo: acessibilidade, estratégias de mercado e formas de uso

Drug Use and High-Risk Sexual Behaviors of Women at a Drop-In Center in Mazandaran Province, Iran, 2014

Stages of Consistent Condom Use, Partner Intimacy, Condom Use Attitude, and Self-Efficacy in African-American Crack Cocaine Users

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