“…Additionally, MA offers the possibility to scale up the amount of processed material to tonnage quantities [11] and can be employed for the processing of nearly all types of materials [13][14][15][16][17]. This makes mechanical alloying the ideal processing route for small, as well as for large-scale production, of nanostructured materials.…”
Nanocrystalline Mg-7.4%Al powder was prepared by mechanical alloying using a high-energy mill. The evolution of the various phases and their microstructure, including size and morphology of the powder particles in the course of milling and during subsequent annealing, were investigated in detail. Room temperature milling leads to a rather heterogeneous microstructure consisting of two distinct regions: Al-free Mg cores and Mg-Al intermixed areas. As a result, the material is mechanically heterogeneous with the Mg cores displaying low hardness (40-50 HV) and the Mg-Al intermixed regions showing high hardness of about 170 HV. The Mg cores disappear and the microstructure becomes (also mechanically) homogeneous after subsequent cryo-milling. Rietveld structure refinement reveals that the crystallite size of the milled powders decreases with increasing the milling time reaching a minimum value of about 30 nm. This is corroborated by transmission electron microscopy confirming an average grain size of ~25 nm.
“…Additionally, MA offers the possibility to scale up the amount of processed material to tonnage quantities [11] and can be employed for the processing of nearly all types of materials [13][14][15][16][17]. This makes mechanical alloying the ideal processing route for small, as well as for large-scale production, of nanostructured materials.…”
Nanocrystalline Mg-7.4%Al powder was prepared by mechanical alloying using a high-energy mill. The evolution of the various phases and their microstructure, including size and morphology of the powder particles in the course of milling and during subsequent annealing, were investigated in detail. Room temperature milling leads to a rather heterogeneous microstructure consisting of two distinct regions: Al-free Mg cores and Mg-Al intermixed areas. As a result, the material is mechanically heterogeneous with the Mg cores displaying low hardness (40-50 HV) and the Mg-Al intermixed regions showing high hardness of about 170 HV. The Mg cores disappear and the microstructure becomes (also mechanically) homogeneous after subsequent cryo-milling. Rietveld structure refinement reveals that the crystallite size of the milled powders decreases with increasing the milling time reaching a minimum value of about 30 nm. This is corroborated by transmission electron microscopy confirming an average grain size of ~25 nm.
“…Among the non-equilibrium processing techniques, solid-state processing routes such as ball milling have been extensively used for the production of a wide range of metastable materials including amorphous alloys, quasicrystalline and nanocrystalline materials, supersaturated solid solutions, intermetallic compounds, ceramics and composites [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] (for an exhaustive review on this topic see Ref. [13]).…”
“…Among these, MM has become one of the important techniques for production of metastable/ stable quasicrystalline phase with nano grain size. Much work has been done on producing quasicrystal (QC) by MA in the Al based, Ti based, Zr based and Mg base system [146][147][148][149][150][151]. It was found that milling of the elemental powder does not always result in quasicrystal phase formation [152,153].…”
Section: Synthesis Of Nano-quasicrystals By Mechanical Millingmentioning
Synthesis of nanomaterials by a simple, low cost and in high yield has been a great challenge since the very early development of nanoscience. Various bottom and top down approaches have been developed so far, for the commercial production of nanomaterials. Among all top down approaches, high energy ball milling, has been widely exploited for the synthesis of various nanomaterials, nanograins, nanoalloy, nanocomposites and nano -quasicrystalline materials. Mechanical alloying techniques have been utilized to produce amorphous and nanocrystalline alloys as well as metal/non-metal nanocomposite materials by milling and post annealing, of elemental or compound powders in an inert atmosphere. Mechanical alloying is a non-equilibrium processing technique in which different elemental powders are milled in an inert atmosphere to create one mixed powder with the same composition as the constituents. In high-energy ball milling, plastic deformation, cold-welding and fracture are predominant factors, in which the deformation leads to a change in particle shape, cold-welding leads to an increase in particle size and fracture leads to decrease in particle size resulting in the formation of fine dispersed alloying particles in the grain-refined soft matrix. By utilizing mechanical milling various kind of aluminium/ nickel/ magnesium/ copper based nanoalloys, wear resistant spray coatings, oxide and carbide strengthened aluminium alloys, and many other nanocomposites have been synthesized in very high yield. The mechanical milling has been utilized for the synthesis of nanomaterials either by milling and post annealing or by mechanical activation and then applying some other process on these activated materials. This review is a systematic view of the basic concept of mechanical milling, historical view and applications of mechanical milling in the synthesis of various nanomaterials, nanosomposites, nnaocarbons and nano quasicrystalline materials.
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