Conditions for effective biomanipulation; conclusions derived from whole-lake experiments in Europe

Benndorf, Jürgen

doi:10.1007/bf02530339

Cited by 159 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…3, inset). To increase grazing, experimenters have removed zooplanktivorous fishes, or added piscivorous fishes that eat zooplanktivores (26,38). Where planktivorous fishes are abundant, large, herbivorous zooplankton are absent and phytoplankton respond strongly to P enrichment (Fig.…”

Section: Food Websmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecosystem Experiments

Carpenter

Chisholm

Krebs

et al. 1995

Science

247

129

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Experimental manipulations of entire ecosystems have been conducted in lakes, catchments, streams, and open terrestrial and marine environments. Experiments have addressed applied problems of ecosystem management and complex responses of communities and ecosystems to perturbations. In the course of some experiments, environmental indicators and models have been developed and tested. Surprising results with implications for ecological understanding and management are common.

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Section: Food Websmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecosystem Experiments

Carpenter

Chisholm

Krebs

et al. 1995

Science

247

129

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“…Carpenter and Kitchell 1993;Carpenter et al 1995;Lathrop et al 1996). In many cases, however, changes in zooplankton do not result in the expected phytoplankton changes (McQueen et al 1986;Benndorf 1990). The zooplankton-phytoplankton interaction is often a weak link in trophic cascades (DeMelo et al 1992;Brett and Goldman 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zooplankton community size structure and taxonomic composition affects size-selective grazing in natural communities

Cyr¹,

Curtis²

1999

Oecologia

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The body size of an individual zooplankton is well related to its grazing rate and to the range of particle sizes it can ingest, and since cladocerans and copepods feed differently, they follow different relationships. Based on these general patterns in individual organisms, we tested whether the size structure and taxonomic composition of more complex natural zooplankton communities are related to their in situ grazing rate and to the range of algal sizes they graze. We compared community grazing rates on individual algal taxa in two communities dominated by small cladocerans, three communities dominated by large cladocerans and three copepod-dominated communities. Small algae were usually grazed most intensively, but grazing rates were poorly related to algal size alone. The range in size of grazed algae increased with increasing mean zooplankton body size, but differed systematically with their taxonomic composition. Communities dominated by Ceriodaphnia or Holopedium grazed a narrower size range of algae [maximum greatest axial length dimension (GALD)=16-36 μm)] than communities with large biomasses of Bosmina or Daphnia (maximum GALD=28-78 μm). Copepod-dominated communities followed the same general relationship as cladocerans. Daphnia-dominated communities grazed the broadest range of algal sizes, and their total grazing rates were up to 2.4 times their grazing rates on small (<35 μm) "highly edible" algae, a difference of similar magnitude to those found in successful trophic cascade biomanipulations.

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“…Many studies show that changes in fish communities cascade through the food web to change phytoplankton biomass (Hrbáeek et al 1961;Brooks and Dodson 1965;Shapiro and Wright 1984;Gulati et al 1990;Reinertsen et al 1990;Persson et al 1992;Findlay et al 1994;Carpenter et al 1996). However, successful biomanipulations often involve lakes only a few hectares in area for only a few years (Shapiro 1990;Benndorf 1990;Reynolds 1994). Moreover, biomanipulation may not work in eutrophic lakes where high nutrient supplies favor dense growths of blue-green algae that are not readily grazed by zooplankton (McQueen et al 1986;Benndorf 1987Benndorf , 1990Elser and Goldman 1991;Reynolds 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water clarity in Lake Mendota since 1900: responses to differing levels of nutrients and herbivory

Lathrop¹,

Carpenter²,

Rudstam³

1996

Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.

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Water transparency, phosphorus concentrations, and herbivory in eutrophic Lake Mendota have been highly variable this century. To assess the effects of both nutrients and herbivory on water clarity, mean Secchi disk readings were computed for six seasonal periods for each year during 1900-1993 that had readings (71 years but not in all periods). We assigned each year one of three levels of nutrients and one of two levels of herbivory on the basis of data independent of Secchi readings to avoid circularity in our analyses. For each seasonal period, we tested for differences in Secchi readings attributable to nutrients, herbivory, and their interaction. Our results indicate that in years with high herbivory, water clarity was significantly greater during all periods including summer when blue-green algal blooms frequently occurred. Higher nutrient levels only led to decreased water clarity during the summer and destratification periods; water clarity was not affected by nutrient levels during other periods. Our analysis of Lake Mendota's long-term Secchi disk record indicates that herbivory can strongly influence water clarity in large eutrophic lakes, and that the greatest improvements in summer water clarity in those lakes may be achieved by combining phosphorus reduction programs with biomanipulation techniques to increase herbivory.Résumé : La limpidité de l'eau, la concentration du phosphore et la phytophagie ont considérablement varié dans le lac Mendota, un lac eutrophe, au cours de ce siècle. Afin d'évaluer les effets de la concentration des nutriants et de la phytophagie sur la limpidité de l'eau, nous avons calculé les moyennes de lectures faites au disque de Secchi en fonction de six périodes saisonnières pour toutes les années entre 1900 et 1993 où ces renseignements existent (soit pour 71 ans, mais pas pour toutes les périodes). Nous avons attribué à chaque année un niveau de nutriants sur trois possibles et un niveau de phytophagie sur deux possibles en nous appuyant sur des données indépendantes des lectures au disque de Secchi afin d'éviter la création de cercles vicieux dans nos analyses. Pour chaque période saisonnière, nous avons cherché des différences dans les lectures au disque de Secchi qui soient attribuables aux nutriants, à la phytophagie et à leurs interactions. Nos résultats révèlent que, les années d'intense phytophagie, l'eau était significativement plus limpide à toutes les périodes, y compris l'été, alors qu'il s'est souvent produit des proliférations d'algues bleues. À des concentrations supérieures de nutriants, le seul effet observé était une perte de limpidité durant l'été et pendant les périodes de déstratification. La limpidité de l'eau n'a pas été modifiée par la teneur en nutriants durant les autres périodes. Notre analyse des lectures à long terme au disque de Secchi de la limpidité de l'eau du lac Mendota indique que la phytophagie peut fortement influer sur la limpidité de l'eau des grands lacs eutrophes et que les plus grandes améliorations sur ce plan au cours de la péri...

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Conditions for effective biomanipulation; conclusions derived from whole-lake experiments in Europe

Cited by 159 publications

References 17 publications

Ecosystem Experiments

Ecosystem Experiments

Zooplankton community size structure and taxonomic composition affects size-selective grazing in natural communities

Water clarity in Lake Mendota since 1900: responses to differing levels of nutrients and herbivory

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