Conditioning V. Mercenaria for Spawning in Winter and Breeding Its Larvae in the Laboratory

Physiological energetics of mussel larvae (Mytilus edulis). II Food uptake

“…Wilson, 1980). The size spectrum of particles retained recorded here agrees with that published by Riisgard et al (1980) for mussel larvae and Walne (1965) Loosanoff and Davis, 1950;Davis and Guillard, 1958;Guillard, 1958;Stickney, 1964;Walne, 1956Walne, , 1963Walne, , 1964Walne, , 1970.…”

Aspects of the ecology of the lamellibranchMercenaria mercenaria (L.) in British waters

“…It appears from this study that the critical temperature for spawning in the field is 18~ to 19~ ANSELL (1963) found that Mercenaria from Southampton Water spawned in the laboratory at temperatures down to 18~ and this has been confirmed by the present author. In America LOOSANOFF and DAVIS (1950) Kecorded the critical spawning temperature in the laboratory as 20.60C to 22.0~ while CARRIKER (1961) found from observations in the field in New Yersey waters that Mercener~a spawned at 22.0~ to 30~ Therefore the critical temperature for inducing spawning of 18~ to 19~ in Southampton Water is some degrees lower than that found in American waters and suggests that this naturalised population has become physiologically adapted to spawn at lower temperatures than its population of origin. The warming of the River Test by the cooling water outfall of Matchwood Power Station did not co--,~nce until 1956; before this date the summer temperature in upper Southampton Water did not always reach even as high as 18~ although it may have been locally higher in the vicinity of the small outfall of Southampton Town Power Station.…”

“…5. Identification, counting and measuring the larvae The Mercenaria larvae in the plankton samples were identified both by comparison with photographs and descriptions in publications (CARRI-KER, 1951;DAVIS, 1950 and1963), and with the larvae of all stages reared in a co~ercial shellfish hatchery. Colouration and reflectivity were found to be useful features for identification in combination with shape and size.…”

Rough water as a spawning stimulus in some Trochid and Turbinid gastropods

“…The widespread importance of temperature in the spawning of marine invertebrates is well shown by the work of Loosanoff & Davis (1950) on the bivalve Venus mercenaria, Crisp (1957) on the barnacles Balanus balanus and B. balanoides, Sastry (1966) on the scallop Aequipecten irradians, and Underwood (1972) on the trochid Gibbula cineraria. Such methods are widely used in mussel and oyster farming, where spat is obtained from the ripe bivalves by placing them in dishes of seawater and raising the temperature.…”