Conditioning of stimuli with nonzero initial value.

Rescorla, Robert A.

doi:10.1037/0097-7403.34.3.315

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…For example, it is likely that our rats entered our Experiment 1 with sweet taste→calorie associations already formed, as result of pre-weaning experience or as a result of consuming sugars contained in their normal 5001 maintenance chow. In fact, Rescorla (2008) provided evidence consistent with the idea that sweet orosensory CSs possess associative value prior to the beginning of experimental training. He reported that when such CSs are subject to experimental training, their “initial non-zero value” modulates the effectiveness of a US in much the same way as other types of CSs that have been given explicit training with a US.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 69%

Intake of High-Intensity Sweeteners Alters the Ability of Sweet Taste to Signal Caloric Consequences: Implications for the Learned Control of Energy and Body Weight Regulation

Davidson

Martin

Clark

et al. 2011

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

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Recent results from both human epidemiological and experimental studies with animals suggest that intake of non-caloric sweeteners may promote, rather than protect against, weight gain and other disturbances of energy regulation. However, without a viable mechanism to explain how consumption of non-caloric sweeteners can increase energy intake and body weight, the persuasiveness of such results has been limited. Using a rat model, the present research showed that intake of non-caloric sweeteners reduces the effectiveness of learned associations between sweet tastes and postingestive caloric outcomes (Experiment 1) and that interfering with this association may impair the ability of rats to regulate their intake of sweet, but not nonsweet, high-fat and high-calorie food (Experiment 2). The results support the hypothesis that consuming noncaloric sweeteners may promote excessive intake and body weight gain by weakening a predictive relationship between sweet taste and the caloric consequences of eating.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 69%

Intake of High-Intensity Sweeteners Alters the Ability of Sweet Taste to Signal Caloric Consequences: Implications for the Learned Control of Energy and Body Weight Regulation

Davidson

Martin

Clark

et al. 2011

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

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“…Our model of individual learning and decision making is directly based on research in psychology and neuroscience, which have showed that the Rescorla-Wagner learning rule, along with other closely related rules, provides a concise description of both behavioral and neural aspects of learning from rewards and punishment [ 52 , 77 , 78 ], as well as being evolutionarily robust [ 60 ]. The implementation of how preparedness and learning interacts (as competing influences at the decision stage) is based on behavioral experiments conducted in our lab [ 43 ], but other, similar, implementations are possible [ 45 , 79 , 80 ]. The implementation of observational learning ( O 1 ) was identical to individual learning, and is supported by previous behavioral [ 55 ] and neural [ 57 ] findings in humans.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Co-Evolution of Social Learning and Evolutionary Preparedness in Dangerous Environments

2016

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Danger is a fundamental aspect of the lives of most animals. Adaptive behavior therefore requires avoiding actions, objects, and environments associated with danger. Previous research has shown that humans and non-human animals can avoid such dangers through two types of behavioral adaptions, (i) genetic preparedness to avoid certain stimuli or actions, and (ii) social learning. These adaptive mechanisms reduce the fitness costs associated with danger but still allow flexible behavior. Despite the empirical prevalence and importance of both these mechanisms, it is unclear when they evolve and how they interact. We used evolutionary agent-based simulations, incorporating empirically based learning mechanisms, to clarify if preparedness and social learning typically both evolve in dangerous environments, and if these mechanisms generally interact synergistically or antagonistically. Our simulations showed that preparedness and social learning often co-evolve because they provide complimentary benefits: genetic preparedness reduced foraging efficiency, but resulted in a higher rate of survival in dangerous environments, while social learning generally came to dominate the population, especially when the environment was stochastic. However, even in this case, genetic preparedness reliably evolved. Broadly, our results indicate that the relationship between preparedness and social learning is important as it can result in trade-offs between behavioral flexibility and safety, which can lead to seemingly suboptimal behavior if the evolutionary environment of the organism is not taken into account.

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“…The importance of cues in triggering automatic/habitual behaviors is well recognized in basic behavioral sciences spanning neuroscience (Knowlton, Mangels, & Squire, 1996; Yin & Knowlton, 2006a), memory (Nelson & Goodmon, 2003; Rescorla, 2008), and research on appetitive behaviors (LaBar et al, 2001). Yet, most approaches to understanding adolescent risk behavior do not incorporate cue effects and their link to habit formation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibitory control effects in adolescent binge eating and consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and snacks

et al. 2014

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Inhibitory control and sensitivity to reward are relevant to the food choices individuals make frequently. An imbalance of these systems can lead to deficits in decision-making that are relevant to food ingestion. This study evaluated the relationship between dietary behaviors – binge eating and consumption of sweetened beverages and snacks - and behavioral control processes, among 198 ethnically diverse adolescents, ranging in age from 14 to 17, in Southern California. Neurocognitive control processes were assessed with the Iowa Gambling Task, a generic Go/No-Go task, and a food-specific Go/No-Go task. The food-specific Go/No-Go task directly ties the task to food cues that trigger responses, addressing an integral link between cue-habit processes. Dietary measures were assessed with self-administered food frequency and binge eating questionnaires. Results of latent variable models revealed marked gender differences. Inhibitory problems on the food-specific and generic Go/No-Go tasks were significantly correlated with binge eating only in females, whereas inhibitory problems measured with these tasks were the strongest correlates of sweet snack consumption in males. Higher BMI percentile and sedentary behavior also predicted binge eating in females and sweet snack consumption in males. Inhibitory problems on the generic Go/No-Go, poorer affective decision-making, assessed with the Iowa Gambling Task, and sedentary behavior were associated with sweetened beverage consumption in males, but not females. The food-specific Go/No-Go was not predictive in models evaluating sweetened beverage consumption, providing some initial discriminant validity for the task, which consisted of sweet/fatty snacks as no-go signals and no sugar-sweetened beverage signals. This research extends other study findings, revealing gender differences in inhibitory function relevant to behavioral control. Further, the findings contribute to research implicating the relevance of cues in habitual behaviors and their relationship to snack food consumption in an understudied population of diverse adolescents not receiving treatment for obesity or eating disorders.

show abstract

Conditioning of stimuli with nonzero initial value.

Cited by 7 publications

References 27 publications

Intake of High-Intensity Sweeteners Alters the Ability of Sweet Taste to Signal Caloric Consequences: Implications for the Learned Control of Energy and Body Weight Regulation

Intake of High-Intensity Sweeteners Alters the Ability of Sweet Taste to Signal Caloric Consequences: Implications for the Learned Control of Energy and Body Weight Regulation

Co-Evolution of Social Learning and Evolutionary Preparedness in Dangerous Environments

Inhibitory control effects in adolescent binge eating and consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and snacks

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