Conditioning in the spinal dog.

Shurrager, P. S.; Culler, Elmer

doi:10.1037/h0054950

Cited by 80 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 8 publications

(5 reference statements)

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“…Early studies by Shurrager and his associates (e .g., Shurrager and Culler, 1940), which indicated that stimulus pairing produced alterations in spinal reflex responses, were not replicated by studies of Kellogg and his associates (e.g., Kellogg, Pronko, & Deese, 1946) who generally failed to find changes in spinal reflex responses with stimulus pairings or who thought such increases to be due to other factors. Subsequent studies (e.g., Buerger & Dawson, 1969;Uoyd, Wikler, & Whitehouse, 1969), utilizing numerous methodologies and preparations with both chronic and acute spinal animals, have found both positive and negative effects of stimulus pairings on spinal responses.…”

mentioning

confidence: 77%

Effects of forward and backward classical conditioning procedures on a spinal cat hind-limb flexor nerve response

Patterson

1975

Psychobiology

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Previous studies assessing the effects of classical conditioning paradigms on spinal reflex responses have not assessed the possible consequences of simple stimulus overlap on any observed effects. The present study utilized both forward and backward stimulus pairings in a cl~ssical c?nditioning par.adigm with the hind-limb flexor-nerve response in the cat to assess the effects of simple stimulus summation on response amplitude. Negative results in the backward groups and increased response amplitude in the forward groups suggested the necessity of CS-US forward pairings for the observed effect. The results are discussed in relation to the predictions of both "stimulus trace" and informational hypotheses for the spinal response system.

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mentioning

confidence: 77%

Effects of forward and backward classical conditioning procedures on a spinal cat hind-limb flexor nerve response

Patterson

1975

Psychobiology

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“…Culler was the first to examine whether spinal neurons can support Pavlovian conditioning (Culler, 1937; Shurrager & Culler, 1940). Using tailshock as a CS, and hindpaw shock as the US, evidence was obtained for both the acquisition and extinction of a conditioned response in spinally transected animals.…”

Section: Pavlovian Conditioningmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The second controversial issue concerned claims that the CS had no capacity to generate a CR-like behavior prior to training (Shurrager & Culler, 1940). The implication was that training established a new ( de novo ) association.…”

Section: Pavlovian Conditioningmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Historically, however, the terms were derived from different perspectives and this has conceptual implications. At the time Skinner (1938) coined the term operant behavior, theorists typically described instrumental behavior in stimulus-response (S-R) terms (Hilgard & Marquis, 1940). From this perspective, instrumental behavior is elicited and may be understood in terms of the laws of reflex function.…”

Section: Instrumental Learningmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Learning from the spinal cord: How the study of spinal cord plasticity informs our view of learning

Grau

2014

Neurobiology of Learning and Memory

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The paper reviews research examining whether and how training can induce a lasting change in spinal cord function. A framework for the study of learning, and some essential issues in experimental design, are discussed. A core element involves delayed assessment under common conditions. Research has shown that brain systems can induce a lasting (memory-like) alteration in spinal function. Neurons within the lower (lumbosacral) spinal cord can also adapt when isolated from the brain by means of a thoracic transection. Using traditional learning paradigms, evidence suggests that spinal neurons support habituation and sensitization as well as Pavlovian and instrumental conditioning. At a neurobiological level, spinal systems support phenomena (e.g., long-term potentiation), and involve mechanisms (e.g., NMDA mediated plasticity, protein synthesis) implicated in brain-dependent learning and memory. Spinal learning also induces modulatory effects that alter the capacity for learning. Uncontrollable/unpredictable stimulation disables the capacity for instrumental learning and this effect has been linked to the cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Predictable/controllable stimulation enables learning and counters the adverse effects of uncontrollable simulation through a process that depends upon brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Finally, uncontrollable, but not controllable, nociceptive stimulation impairs recovery after a contusion injury. A process-oriented approach (neurofunctionalism) is outlined that encourages a broader view of learning phenomena.

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“…Conditioning of the flexion reflex in the acute spinal carnivore was first reported by Shurrager & Culler (1940). The ensuing controversy (see Kellogg et al, 1947) left the issue unresolved, particularly for the acute preparation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Classical conditioning of the hindlimb flexion reflex in the acute spinal cat

Fitzgerald

Thompson

1967

Psychon Sci

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Acute spinal cats were prepared by partial decerebration and spinal section using ether. Animals were given training (hindlimb flexor muscle reflex response) in a clas sical conditioning situation using shocks to thigh and paw of hindlimb as the CS and UCS. The conditioning group, given paired CS-UCS training, showed significant increase in response amplitude over conditioning trials relative to a control group given the same number and kind of stimuli unpaired.

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Conditioning in the spinal dog.

Abstract: Positive evidence that the spinal cord, when completely severed from the brain centers with which it is normally associated, is capable of establishing a substitute or 'conditioned' response (CR) has not hitherto been reported. 8 Heretofore the higher brain levels, whether of cortex (

Cited by 80 publications

References 8 publications

Effects of forward and backward classical conditioning procedures on a spinal cat hind-limb flexor nerve response

Effects of forward and backward classical conditioning procedures on a spinal cat hind-limb flexor nerve response

Learning from the spinal cord: How the study of spinal cord plasticity informs our view of learning

Classical conditioning of the hindlimb flexion reflex in the acute spinal cat

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