Conditioning and extinction of a food-rewarded response after selective ablations of frontal cortex in rhesus monkeys

Butter, Charles M.; Mishkin, Mortimer; Rosvold, H. Enger

doi:10.1016/0014-4886(63)90094-3

Cited by 137 publications

(80 citation statements)

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“…Absence of the effects of the ablations on the rate of eontinuously reinforced barpressing and on extinction appears to be contrary to previous findings (Brutkowski, 1965;Butter, 1969;Butter et al, 1963;Kolb, 1974;Kolb et al, 1974). It should be noted, however, that the suprarhinallesions that impaired extinction in the rats included a substantial portion of the lateral wall of the hemisphere, thus extending beyend the projection field of the mediodorsal nucleus.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 82%

“…If the anteromedial area indeed regulates sequencing or temporal ordering of behavior, its lesion should impair performance of the present task. Two further tasks were employed: extinction of two learned operant responses (presumably sensitive to orbitaliesions; Butter, 1969;Butter, Mishkin, & Rosvold, 1963;Kolb, 1974;Kolb, Nonneman, & Singh, 1974), and spontaneous alternation (found sensitive to medial ablations in the rat; Divac, Wikmark, & Gade, 1975).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Sequential behavior after modified prefrontallesions in the rat

Mogensen

Divac

1984

Psychobiology

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Ablation of the "orbital" prefrontal area, which includes the dorsal bank of the rostral third of the rhinal sulcus and the ventral surface of the frontal pole, strongly impaired performance of a new task that required sequential manipulation of two different and spatially distant manipulanda. Performance of the same task was only mildly, but significantly, affected by dorsomedial prefrontallesions. The two groups did not significantly differ from sham-operated controls in the rate of barpressing for continuous reinforcement, in extinction of two operant responses, or in spontaneous alternation. Unexpectedly, the present variant of sequential behavior was more affected by the "orbital" prefrontallesion than by the lesions of the cortex, which, in the rat, combines the medial prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate areas and has been considered to be involved in the sequencing of behavioral chains.According to neuroanatomy, the anteromedial cortex in the rat is a telescoped counterpart of the primate frontal eye field, dorsolateral prefrontal area, and the medial frontal cortex, including the anterior cingulate area (Divac, Kosmal, Björklund, & Lindvall, 1978;Krettek & Price, 1977;Leonard, 1969). The primate orbital cortex not only corresponds to the dorsal bank of the rostral third of the rhinal sulcus (Leonard, 1969), but also includes the ventral surface of the frontal pole, anterior to the fusion with the anterior olfactory nucleus (Divac et a1., 1978;Krettek & Price, 1977).Ablations of the anteromedial frontal area in rats result in breakdown of the normal sequence in behavioral chains (Michal, 1973;Slotnick, 1967;Thomas, Hostetter, & Barker, 1968). For example, operated mothers are capable of carrying their pups, but they show impaired retrieval of the litter back to the nest (Slotnick, 1967). Since impairments in complex behaviors, such as maternal or sexual ones, could be induced by a variety of dysfunctions, some of which have been attributed to darnage of the prefrontal cortex (e.g., Brutkowski, 1965;Mishkin, 1964;Nauta, 1971;Pribram & Tubbs, 1967), we decided to test further the notion of involvement of the anteromedial cortex in the sequencing of behavior. We did so by determining what effects the ablation of the two subdivisions of the frontal cortex had on a simple task that required the sequential operation of two manipulanda. If the anteromedial area indeedThe authors are grateful to Ulla Mogensen for help with histology, to R. Gunilla E. Öberg for comments on the manuscript, to F. Riis for photographic work, and to Margit Levgreen for secretarial help. The authors' mailing address is: Institute of Neurophysiology, Panum Institute, Blegdamsvej 3C, DK-2200 Copenhagen N., Denmark. 41regulates sequencing or temporal ordering of behavior, its lesion should impair performance of the present task. Two further tasks were employed: extinction of two learned operant responses (presumably sensitive to orbitaliesions; Butter, 1969;Butter, Mishkin, & Rosvold, 1963;Kolb, 1974; Kolb, Nonneman, & Singh, 1974)...

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 82%

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confidence: 99%

Sequential behavior after modified prefrontallesions in the rat

Mogensen

Divac

1984

Psychobiology

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“…For example, damage to the amygdala and damage to PFo disrupt both emotional responses (Meunier et al, 1999;Kalin et al, 2001;Stefanacci et al, 2003; and reinforcer devaluation effects (Malkova et al, 1997;Izquierdo et al, 2004). Until the present study, both structures were thought to be necessary for object reversal learning and, until recent evidence to the contrary , for instrumental extinction as well (Weiskrantz, 1956;Butter et al, 1963). Consequently, several authorities have suggested a common circuitry for both emotion and reward processing (Butter, 1969;Jones and Mishkin, 1972;Aggleton and Passingham, 1981;Rolls, 1999).…”

Section: Neural Substrates Of Reward and Emotion Processingmentioning

confidence: 69%

Selective Bilateral Amygdala Lesions in Rhesus Monkeys Fail to Disrupt Object Reversal Learning

Izquierdo

Murray²

2007

J. Neurosci.

113

131

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Neuropsychological studies in nonhuman primates have led to the view that the amygdala plays an essential role in stimulus-reward association. The main evidence in support of this idea is that bilateral aspirative or radiofrequency lesions of the amygdala yield severe impairments on object reversal learning, a task that assesses the ability to shift choices of objects based on the presence or absence of food reward (i.e., reward contingency). The behavioral effects of different lesion techniques, however, can vary. The present study therefore evaluated the effects of selective, excitotoxic lesions of the amygdala in rhesus monkeys on object reversal learning. For comparison, we tested the same monkeys on a task known to be sensitive to amygdala damage, the reinforcer devaluation task. Contrary to previous results based on less selective lesion techniques, monkeys with complete excitotoxic amygdala lesions performed object reversal learning as quickly as controls. As predicted, however, the same operated monkeys were impaired in making object choices after devaluation of the associated food reinforcer. The results suggest two conclusions. First, the results demonstrate that the amygdala makes a selective contribution to stimulus-reward association; the amygdala is critical for guiding object choices after changes in reward value but not after changes in reward contingency. Second, the results implicate a critical contribution to object reversal learning of structures nearby the amygdala, perhaps the subjacent rhinal cortex.

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“…The medial OFC is involved with salience attribution including the value of food (Rolls and McCabe, 2007;Grabenhorst et al, 2007;Tremblay and Schultz, 1999) and thus its activation secondary to food-induced DA stimulation could result in an intense motivation to consume food with a concomitant inability to inhibit it. Moreover, because disruption in the activity of the OFC results in impairment in the reversal of learned associations when a reinforcer is devalued (Gallagher et al, 1999) this could result in continued eating when the value of food is devalued by satiety and could explain why damage of the OFC is associated with compulsive behaviors including overeating (Butter et al, 1963, Johnson, 1971. Also the OFC participates in learning stimulus-reinforcement associations and conditioning (Schoenbaum et al, 1998, Hugdahl et al, 1995 and could therefore participate in conditioned-cue elicited feeding (Weingarten, 1983).…”

Section: Association Between D2 Receptors and Prefrontal Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low dopamine striatal D2 receptors are associated with prefrontal metabolism in obese subjects: Possible contributing factors

et al. 2008

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Dopamine's role in inhibitory control is well recognized and its disruption may contribute to behavioral disorders of discontrol such as obesity. However, the mechanism by which impaired dopamine neurotransmission interferes with inhibitory control is poorly understood. We had previously documented a reduction in dopamine D2 receptors in morbidly obese subjects. To assess if the reductions in dopamine D2 receptors were associated with activity in prefrontal brain regions implicated in inhibitory control we assessed the relationship between dopamine D2 receptor availability in striatum with brain glucose metabolism (marker of brain function) in ten morbidly obese subjects (BMI>40 kg/m 2 ) and compared it to that in twelve non-obese controls. PET was used with [ 11 C]raclopride to assess D2 receptors and with [ 18 F] FDG to assess regional brain glucose metabolism. In obese subjects striatal D2 receptor availability was lower than controls and was positively correlated with metabolism in dorsolateral prefrontal, medial orbitofrontal, anterior cingulate gyrus and somatosensory cortices. In controls correlations with prefrontal metabolism were not significant but comparisons with those in obese subjects were not significant, which does not permit to ascribe the associations as unique to obesity. The associations between striatal D2 receptors and prefrontal metabolism in obese subjects suggest that decreases in striatal D2 receptors could contribute to overeating via their modulation of striatal prefrontal pathways, which participate in inhibitory control and salience attribution. The association between striatal D2 receptors and metabolism in somatosensory cortices (regions that process palatability) could underlie one of the mechanisms through which dopamine regulates the reinforcing properties of food. KeywordsOrbitofrontal cortex; Cingulate gyrus; Dorsolateral prefrontal; Dopamine transporters; Raclopride, PET The increase in obesity and associated metabolic diseases seen over the past decade has raised concern that if not controlled this may become the number one preventable public health threat for the 21st century (Sturm, 2002 (Berthoud, 2007). The extent to which individuals differ in their ability to inhibit these responses and control how much they eat is likely to modulate their risk for overeating in our current food rich environments (Berthoud, 2007).We had shown that in healthy individuals D2 receptor availability in the striatum modulated eating behavioral patterns (Volkow et al., 2003). Specifically the tendency to eat when exposed to negative emotions was negatively correlated with D2 receptor availability (the lower the D2 receptors the higher the likelihood that an individual would eat if emotionally stressed). In addition, in a different study, we showed that morbidly obese subjects (BMI>40) had lower than normal D2 receptor availability and these reductions were proportional to their BMI (Wang et al., 2001). These findings led us to postulate that low D2 receptor availability could put an...

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Conditioning and extinction of a food-rewarded response after selective ablations of frontal cortex in rhesus monkeys

Cited by 137 publications

References 4 publications

Sequential behavior after modified prefrontallesions in the rat

Sequential behavior after modified prefrontallesions in the rat

Selective Bilateral Amygdala Lesions in Rhesus Monkeys Fail to Disrupt Object Reversal Learning

Low dopamine striatal D2 receptors are associated with prefrontal metabolism in obese subjects: Possible contributing factors

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