Conditioning Allergic Skin Responses in Humans

Booth, Roger J.; Petrie, Keith J.; Brook, R. J.

doi:10.1097/00006842-199509000-00012

Cited by 30 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…However, a similar protocol using various allergens (e.g. mite dust or fur) taken from coloured vials did not result in conditioned modulation of skin reactions [145].…”

Section: (A) Conditioned Immunosuppressionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Brain–immune interactions and the neural basis of disease-avoidant ingestive behaviour

Pacheco-López

Bermúdez‐Rattoni

2011

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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Neuro-immune interactions are widely manifested in animal physiology. Since immunity competes for energy with other physiological functions, it is subject to a circadian trade-off between other energy-demanding processes, such as neural activity, locomotion and thermoregulation. When immunity is challenged, this trade-off is tilted to an adaptive energy protecting and reallocation strategy that is identified as 'sickness behaviour'. We review diverse disease-avoidant behaviours in the context of ingestion, indicating that several adaptive advantages have been acquired by animals (including humans) during phylogenetic evolution and by ontogenetic experiences: (i) preventing waste of energy by reducing appetite and consequently foraging/hunting (illness anorexia), (ii) avoiding unnecessary danger by promoting safe environments (preventing disease encounter by olfactory cues and illness potentiation neophobia), (iii) help fighting against pathogenic threats (hyperthermia/somnolence), and (iv) by associative learning evading specific foods or environments signalling danger (conditioned taste avoidance/aversion) and/or at the same time preparing the body to counteract by anticipatory immune responses (conditioning immunomodulation). The neurobiology behind disease-avoidant ingestive behaviours is reviewed with special emphasis on the body energy balance (intake versus expenditure) and an evolutionary psychology perspective.

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“…However, a similar protocol using various allergens (e.g. mite dust or fur) taken from coloured vials did not result in conditioned modulation of skin reactions [145].…”

Section: (A) Conditioned Immunosuppressionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Brain–immune interactions and the neural basis of disease-avoidant ingestive behaviour

Pacheco-López

Bermúdez‐Rattoni

2011

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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“…All subjects presented significantly blunted symptom severity as a result of the conditioning process (Smith and McDaniel, 1983). However, employing a similar approach, those results could not be replicated (Booth et al, 1995). The efficiency of learned immune responses was also tested in patients with multiple sclerosis who receiving cyclophosphamide infusions continuously paired with a novel taste during the learning phase.…”

Section: Immunologic Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuro-Bio-Behavioral Mechanisms of Placebo and Nocebo Responses: Implications for Clinical Trials and Clinical Practice

Schedlowski¹,

Enck²,

Rief³

et al. 2015

Pharmacol Rev

265

257

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“…Although some studies produced contrasting results (73,138,191,221,298), there is now general agreement that behavioral conditioning is possible in humans (252). For example, in a study by Goebel et al (144), repeated associations between cyclosporine A and a flavored drink induced conditioned immunosuppression in healthy subjects, in which the flavored drink alone produced a suppression of the immune functions, as assessed by means of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-␥ (IFN-␥) mRNA expression, in vitro release of IL-2 and IFN-␥, as well as lymphocyte proliferation (FIGURE 10, top panel).…”

Section: Many Immune Responses Can Be Placebo Conditionedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Placebo and the New Physiology of the Doctor-Patient Relationship

Benedetti

2013

Physiological Reviews

352

320

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Modern medicine has progressed in parallel with the advancement of biochemistry, anatomy, and physiology. By using the tools of modern medicine, the physician today can treat and prevent a number of diseases through pharmacology, genetics, and physical interventions. Besides this materia medica, the patient's mind, cognitions, and emotions play a central part as well in any therapeutic outcome, as investigated by disciplines such as psychoneuroendocrinoimmunology. This review describes recent findings that give scientific evidence to the old tenet that patients must be both cured and cared for. In fact, we are today in a good position to investigate complex psychological factors, like placebo effects and the doctor-patient relationship, by using a physiological and neuroscientific approach. These intricate psychological factors can be approached through biochemistry, anatomy, and physiology, thus eliminating the old dichotomy between biology and psychology. This is both a biomedical and a philosophical enterprise that is changing the way we approach and interpret medicine and human biology. In the first case, curing the disease only is not sufficient, and care of the patient is of tantamount importance. In the second case, the philosophical debate about the mind-body interaction can find some important answers in the study of placebo effects. Therefore, maybe paradoxically, the placebo effect and the doctor-patient relationship can be approached by using the same biochemical, cellular and physiological tools of the materia medica, which represents an epochal transition from general concepts such as suggestibility and power of mind to a true physiology of the doctor-patient interaction. I.WHAT I. WHAT IS A PLACEBO RESPONSE? A. Placebos Were Introduced to Validate the Efficacy of Medical TreatmentsAncient physicians have always used bizarre and odd treatments to cure their patients, with scarce, if any, knowledge of anatomy and physiology. As the anatomical and physiological details of both the animal and the human body started emerging, the need of a scientific explanation of many medical treatments became an imperative objective of physicians and the scientific community. An important historical period whereby scientific skepticism emerged about the efficacy of some medical remedies is approximately in the second half of 1700 and involved treatments like mesmerism, perkinism, and homeopathy (178).To take mesmerism as an example, this was introduced in the second half of 1700 by Franz Anton Mesmer, who claimed to have discovered a healing fluid which he called animal magnetism. To assess the very nature and the efficacy of mesmerism in treating many diseases and symptoms, Louis XVI appointed a commission that was headed by Benjamin Franklin. This commission performed what can be considered one of the first blind assessments and sham (placebo) interventions in the history of medicine. Some women were blindfolded and asked where the mesmeric energy was being applied. As reported by the members of the commission th...

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Conditioning Allergic Skin Responses in Humans

Cited by 30 publications

References 14 publications

Brain–immune interactions and the neural basis of disease-avoidant ingestive behaviour

Brain–immune interactions and the neural basis of disease-avoidant ingestive behaviour

Neuro-Bio-Behavioral Mechanisms of Placebo and Nocebo Responses: Implications for Clinical Trials and Clinical Practice

Placebo and the New Physiology of the Doctor-Patient Relationship

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