Conditioned tolerance to the heart rate effects of smoking

Epstein, Leonard H.; Caggiula, Anthony R.; Perkins, Kenneth A.; McKenzie, Sandra J.; Smith, Jeffrey A.

doi:10.1016/0091-3057(91)90390-n

Cited by 34 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…An interesting but apparently unexplored strategy for examining associative processes in tolerance involves context shifts during the training exposures. Epstein, Caggiula, Perkins, McKenzie, and Smith (1991) conducted such a study, in which human subjects repeatedly smoked nicotine cigarettes either in the same context or in different contexts on each exposure session. Epstein et al found that subjects who smoked in the constant context developed nicotine tolerance, as indicated by decreased heart rate.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stimulus conditions influencing the development of tolerance to repeated cold exposure in rats

Kissinger

Riccio

1995

Animal Learning & Behavior

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Tolerance to an environmental cold challenge in rats is eliminated when cold exposure occurs in a context different from the adaptation context, indicating that learning mechanisms playa role in thermoregulation (Riccio, MacArdy, & Kissinger, 1991). This finding, analogous to outcomes obtained with drug tolerance, was investigated in the present study. Experiment 1 demonstrated that a change in both proximal and distal contextual cues disrupts an established cold adaptation, an outcome consistent with the view that associative processes contribute to the tolerance. In Experiment 2, although cold tolerance persisted over a 7-day retention interval, the disruption of tolerance by a shift in context was attenuated with the delay of testing. This finding suggests that the precise stimulus attributes of the context were forgotten over the interval. Experiment 3 demonstrated that cold-tolerance disruption is due to the actual change in context and not to novelty of the test context. Experiment 4 showed that changing the context associated with each cold exposure impaired the development oftolerance. The results of these experiments provide additional evidence that cold tolerance is regulated at least partially by associative learning processes.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stimulus conditions influencing the development of tolerance to repeated cold exposure in rats

Kissinger

Riccio

1995

Animal Learning & Behavior

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“…The repeated segment group was shown a 1.5-min segment of a television show, which was repeated on a loop. Previous studies have shown that an external stimulus present repeatedly will not disrupt habituation, in comparison to a continuously changing external stimulus that requires allocation of attention (35). The repeated segment group provides a control for the presence of audiovisual stimulation that the continuous television group received, which made the primary difference between the repeated segment and the continuous television groups the amount of attention allocated to television watching.…”

Section: Energy Intake Task (Experiments 2)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Television watching increases motivated responding for food and energy intake in children

Temple

Giacomelli

Kent

et al. 2007

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

217

146

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Background:Sedentary activities, such as watching television, may disrupt habituation to food cues, thereby increasing motivation to eat and energy intake. Objective: These experiments were designed to examine the effect of television watching on habituation of ingestive behavior in children. Design: In experiment 1, all children worked for access to cheeseburgers in trials 1-7 (habituating stimulus). In trials 8 -10, children in the control group continued to work for cheeseburgers without any dishabituating stimuli, whereas children in the other groups received either a novel food (French fries) or television as dishabituating stimuli. Responding for food and amount of food eaten were measured. In experiment 2, all children had access to 1000 kcal of a preferred snack food. One group watched a continuous television show, and the control groups either watched no television or watched a repeated segment of a television show, which controls for the television stimulus but requires reduced allocation of attention. Results: In experiment 1, both the novel food and the television watching groups reinstated responding for food (P ҃ 0.009) and increased the amount of energy earned (P ҃ 0.018) above the level of the control subjects. In experiment 2, the continuous television group spent more time eating (P 0.0001) and consumed more energy than the no television and the repeated segment groups (P ҃ 0.007). Conclusion: These experiments show that television watching can dishabituate eating or disrupt the development of habituation, which may provide a mechanism for increased energy intake associated with watching television.Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85:355-61.

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“…Por ejemplo, se ha observado que la nicotina administrada a través de la inhalación del humo de cigarro de tabaco desarrolla tolerancia rápidamente a los efectos cardiovasculares (Epstein, Caggiula, Perkins, McKensie y Smith, 1991;Perkins et al, 1993;Perkins et al, 1994). También se ha observado que los usuarios de la nicotina del tabaco requieren de administraciones frecuentes, no solo para obtener el efecto de las primeras ocasiones, sino también para evitar el síndrome de abstinencia y los fuertes deseos por la droga (West y Russell, 1987).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

“…Siguiendo esta idea, Epstein et al (1991) evaluaron la tolerancia a los efectos cardiovasculares de la nicotina del tabaco en humanos. Ellos sometieron a dos grupos de sujetos a fumar cigarros de tabaco durante cinco ensayos.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Participación de factores de condicionamiento Pavloviano en el desarrollo de la tolerancia a los efectos cardiovasculares producidos por la nicotina del tabaco

et al. 2013

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Se llevaron a cabo dos experimentos para evaluar la tolerancia a los efectos cardiovasculares de la nicotina del tabaco (0.9 mg por cigarro) en humanos. En el primero, se observó el desarrollo de la tolerancia farmacológica a los efectos de la nicotina sobre la tasa cardíaca; y en el segundo se examinó la participación de procesos de condicionamiento Pavloviano en la tolerancia condicionada y desarrollo de la respuesta condicionada compensatoria (RCC), respuesta que se observó opuesta al incremento inicial provocado en la tasa cardíaca por la nicotina. Se utilizaron dos grupos de participantes en cada experimento. En el primer experimento, un grupo fumó cigarros de tabaco, y el otro, cigarros de lechuga (placebo), durante cinco ensayos. En el segundo experimento, ambos grupos fumaron cigarros de tabaco durante cinco ensayos, un grupo en un contexto distinto y un segundo grupo fumo cigarros de placebo en otro contexto. Los resultados del primer experimento mostraron que la exposición crónica a la nicotina produjo tolerancia aguda a los efectos sobre la tasa cardíaca; mientras que en el segundo experimento, la exposición reiterada de la droga junto con la manipulación del contexto asociado a su administración produjo tolerancia condicionada a los efectos cardiovasculares de la nicotina del tabaco. Asimismo, exhibieron una RCC de disminución de la tasa cardíaca cuando se administró placebo en el contexto donde antes se administró la nicotina. Los resultados son discutidos en términos del modelo de tolerancia condicionada propuesto por Siegel (1977).

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Conditioned tolerance to the heart rate effects of smoking

Cited by 34 publications

References 10 publications

Stimulus conditions influencing the development of tolerance to repeated cold exposure in rats

Stimulus conditions influencing the development of tolerance to repeated cold exposure in rats

Television watching increases motivated responding for food and energy intake in children

Participación de factores de condicionamiento Pavloviano en el desarrollo de la tolerancia a los efectos cardiovasculares producidos por la nicotina del tabaco

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