Conditioned taste aversions are not readily disrupted by external excitation.

Holder, Mark D.; Yirmiya, Raz; García, John; Raizer, Jeffrey J.

doi:10.1037/0735-7044.103.3.605

Cited by 13 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The result indicated that associative learning between LiCl injection and xylene solution was the only factor inducing the CTA. Results in the present study are consistent with the study that examined effects of some events to stimulate animals' external systems as disruptions for establishing the CTA (Holder et al, 1989). In the study by Holder et al (1989), rats, given saccharin water followed by delayed illness, were exposed to events such as access to females, mild foot shocks, pain induced by intraperitoneal injection of hypertonic saline, and heat that changed both skin and core temperatures.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Effects of a repeated low dose of LiCl injection under conditioned taste/flavor aversion using xylene

Hojo

Takaya

Yanagiba

et al. 2014

Fundam. Toxicol. Sci.

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We examined whether repeated injections with low-doses lithium chloride (LiCl) as unconditioned stimulus (US) established conditioning as applied conditioned taste aversion (CTA) experiment, using xylene solution as a conditioned stimulus (CS). In the conditioning procedure, water-deprived male rats were exposed to xylene solution for 30 min, followed by LiCl or saline injection. As a two-bottle test, xylene solution and usual drink water were simultaneously provided to rats on the next day of the conditioning and measured each consumption volume. Conditioning and two-bottle test were repeated eight times respectively by turns. Groups of no treatment and sham injection after xylene ingestion were added to verify the effects of external contexts on establishment of CTA. Results indicate that the CTA was gradually established when the US was repeatedly presented even if the US was very low concentration, and the organic solvent functioned as CS even if it was not so desirable for animals. External contexts, such as handling and the 'pain' induced by injection, did not affect the establishment of the CTA in the present study. Although xylene was used as solution in the present study and defined as flavor stimulus, gas should be used to examine the effects of odor stimulus.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Effects of a repeated low dose of LiCl injection under conditioned taste/flavor aversion using xylene

Hojo

Takaya

Yanagiba

et al. 2014

Fundam. Toxicol. Sci.

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“…Similarly, both a single session of 90 inescapable shocks and eight ses sions of 120 inescapable shocks attenuate LiCl CTA (Dess et al 1988;Revusky and Reilly 1989). In contrast to these results, however, two exposures to either hyper tonic saline injections or two footshocks does not alter LiCl CTA (Holder et al 1989). These results suggest that stressor parameters are, in fact, important in the attenua tion of LiCl CTA.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 77%

“…A number of studies have evaluated the influence of ex posure to stressors on the development and extinction of conditioned taste aversions (CTA) (Lasiter and Braun 1981;Dess et al 1988;Holder et al 1989;Revusky and Reilly 1989;Bourne et al 1992). These studies have re ported that exposure to stressors can decrease (Revusky and Reilly 1989;Bourne et al 1992), increase (Lasiter and Braum 1981) or do not affect CTA (Holder et al 1989).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Time-dependent exacerbation of amphetamine-induced taste aversions following exposure to footshock

1996

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A bstract Previous studies have shown that stressors at tenuate LiCl-induced conditioned taste aversions (CTA) but not morphine-induced CTA. The current studies ex amined the effects of footshock on the acquisition and extinction of amphetamine-induced CTA. Experiment 1 demonstrated that exposure to 30 footshocks between saccharin consumption and amphetamine injections did not alter either the acquisition or the extinction of amphe tain ine-CTA. Experiment 2 demonstrated that expo sure to the same shock parameters 2 and 4 days before saccharin-amphetamine pairing increased the magnitude of amphetamine-CTA after one saccharin-amphetamine pairing and delayed the recovery from the CTA. Experi ment 2 also demonstrated that footshock increased the initial neophobic response to novel saccharin but did not alter subsequent saccharin consumption among saline-in jected animals. These results indicate that stress-induced facilitation of amphetamine CTA are time-dependent and contrast with reports that stressors attenuate LiCl CTA. They also add support to the contention that CTAs in duced by self-administered drugs like amphetamine are qualitatively different from CTAs induced by toxic sub stances like LiCL.

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“…Further, it is possible that adolescent animals experienced more stress given that they were given a shorter time to acclimate to the vivarium prior to the initiation of experimental procedures than their adult counterparts. Interestingly, the effects of stress on the development and expression of CTAs are mixed, with reports of stress potentiating CTAs (Bowers, Gingras, & Amit, 1996; Lasiter & Braun, 1981) and in some cases, stress having no effect (Bowers et al, 1996; Holder, Yirmiya, Garcia, & Raizer, 1989; Roma, Davis, Kohut, Huntsberry, & Riley, 2008). If the adolescent animals in the present assessment were under more stress, it might be expected that they would show stronger MDMA-induced aversions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age differences in (±) 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)‐induced conditioned taste aversions and monoaminergic levels

Cobuzzi

Siletti

Hurwitz

et al. 2013

Developmental Psychobiology

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Preclinical work indicates that adolescent rats appear more sensitive to the rewarding effects and less sensitive to the aversive effects of abused drugs. The present investigation utilized the conditioned taste aversion (CTA) design to measure the relative aversive effects of (±)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; 0,1.0, 1.8 or 3.2 mg/kg) in adolescent and adult Sprague-Dawley rats. After behavioral testing was complete, monoamine and associated metabolite levels in discrete brain regions were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD) to determine if adolescent animals displayed a different neurochemical profile than do adult animals after being exposed to subcutaneous low doses of MDMA. Adolescent rats displayed less robust MDMA-induced taste aversions than adults during acquisition and on a final two-bottle aversion test. MDMA at these doses had no consistent effect on monoamine levels in either age group, although levels did vary with age. The relative insensitivity of adolescents to MDMA’s aversive effects may engender an increased vulnerability to MDMA abuse in this specific population.

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Conditioned taste aversions are not readily disrupted by external excitation.

Cited by 13 publications

References 28 publications

Effects of a repeated low dose of LiCl injection under conditioned taste/flavor aversion using xylene

Effects of a repeated low dose of LiCl injection under conditioned taste/flavor aversion using xylene

Time-dependent exacerbation of amphetamine-induced taste aversions following exposure to footshock

Age differences in (±) 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)‐induced conditioned taste aversions and monoaminergic levels

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