Conditioned taste aversion and motion sickness in cats and squirrel monkeys

Fox, Robert; Corcoran, Meryl Lee; Brizzee, Kenneth R.

doi:10.1139/y90-041

Cited by 32 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The fact that MFs can induce CTA learning is also consistent with activation of the vestibular system. Other studies have shown that vestibular stimulation (e.g., whole-body rotation) or labyrinthectomy can induce CTA (3,7,16,21,27).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Exposure head-down toward the negative pole induced horizontal clockwise circling as viewed dorsally (25). Furthermore, we observed that when the MF exposure was paired with a novel taste solution (glucose ϩ saccharin), a conditioned taste avoidance (CTA) or aversion was induced similar to that seen after pairings of taste and rotation or motion sickness (3,7,16,21,25,27,37,44). At the neural level, MF exposure induced significant c-Fos immunoreactivity, a marker of neuronal activation, in specific vestibular and visceral nuclei within the rat brainstem (59).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Sex and estrous cycle differences in the behavioral effects of high-strength static magnetic fields: role of ovarian steroids

Cason¹,

DenBleyker²,

Ferrence³

et al. 2006

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

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Advances in magnetic resonance imaging are driving the development of higher-resolution machines equipped with high-strength static magnetic fields (MFs). The behavioral effects of high-strength MFs are largely uncharacterized, although in male rats, exposure to 7 T or above induces locomotor circling and leads to a conditioned taste avoidance (CTA) if paired with a novel taste. Here, the effects of MFs on male and female rats were compared to determine whether there are sex differences in behavioral responses and whether these can be explained by ovarian steroid status. Rats were given 10-min access to a novel saccharin solution and then restrained within a 14-T magnet for 30 min. Locomotor activity after exposure was scored for circling and rearing. CTA extinction was measured with two-bottle preference tests. In experiment 1, males were compared with females across the estrous cycle after a single MF exposure. Females circled more and acquired a more persistent CTA than males; circling was highest on the day of estrus. In experiment 2, the effects of three MF exposures were compared among intact rats, ovariectomized females, and ovariectomized females with steroid replacement. Compared with intact rats, ovariectomy increased circling; estrogen replacement blocked the increase. Males acquired a stronger initial CTA but extinguished faster than intact or ovariectomized females. Thus the locomotor circling induced by MF exposure was increased in females and modulated by ovarian steroids across the estrous cycle and by hormone replacement. Furthermore, female rats acquired a more persistent CTA than male rats, which was not dependent on estrous phase or endogenous ovarian steroids.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex and estrous cycle differences in the behavioral effects of high-strength static magnetic fields: role of ovarian steroids

Cason¹,

DenBleyker²,

Ferrence³

et al. 2006

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…To date, there are no reports showing conditioned flavour aversion, using intra-oral infusion testing, in an emetic species. However, several studies show toxicosis-induced CFA in emetic species, including human, cat, dog, monkey, Suncus, and ferret (e.g., Jackson and Smith, 1978;Vavilova and Kassil, 1984;Rabin et al, 1986b;Fox et al, 1990;Rabin and Hunt, 1992;Smith et al, 2001a). These studies suggest a complex relation between a toxin's emetogenic potential and its potency to produce a CFA.…”

Section: Conditioned Flavour Avoidance (Cfa)-manymentioning

confidence: 99%

Signals for nausea and emesis: Implications for models of upper gastrointestinal diseases

Andrews

Horn

2006

Autonomic Neuroscience

218

201

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Nausea and vomiting are amongst the most common symptoms encountered in medicine as either symptoms of diseases or side effects of treatments. In a more biological setting they are also important components of an organism's defences against ingested toxins. Identification of treatments for nausea and vomiting and reduction of emetic liability of new therapies has largely relied on the use of animal models, and although such models have proven invaluable in identification of the anti-emetic effects of both 5-hydroxytryptamine3 and neurokinin1 receptor antagonists selection of appropriate models is still a matter of debate. The present paper focuses on a number of controversial issues and gaps in our knowledge in the study of the physiology of nausea and vomiting including: The choice of species for the study of emesis and the underlying behavioural (e.g. neophobia), anatomical (e.g. elongated, narrow abdominal oesophagus with reduced ability to shorten) and physiological (e.g. brainstem circuitry) mechanisms that explain the lack of a vomiting reflex in certain species (e.g. rats); The choice of response to measure (emesis[retching and vomiting], conditioned flavour avoidance or aversion, ingestion of clay [pica], plasma hormone levels[e.g. vasopressin], gastric dysrhythmias) and the relationship of these responses to those observed in humans and especially to the sensation of nausea; The stimulus coding of nausea and emesis by abdominal visceral afferents and especially the vagus-how do the afferents encode information for normal postprandial sensations, nausea and finally vomiting?; Understanding the central processing of signals for nausea and vomiting is particularly problematic in the light of observations that vomiting is more readily amenable to pharmacological treatment than is nausea, despite the assumption that nausea represents "low" intensity activation of pathways that can evoke vomiting when stimulated more intensely.

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“…Area postrema has been implicated as a trigger zone for motion-induced emesis in the dog (Wang and Chinn, 1954) and monkey (Brizzee et al, 1980). However, more recent results are not as definite regarding its functional role (Borison and Borison, 1986;Wilpizeski et al, 1986;Sutton et al, 1988;Fox et al, 1990), and precisely how the area postrema affects vestibular reflex responses is still controversial (Jovanovic-Micic and Strbac, 1989;Gallo et al, 199 1). Interaction of the area postrema with other areas, for example, the solitary nucleus (Hay and Bishop,199 l), might be involved with homeostatic mechani ns controlling cardiovascular responses and electrolyte balance.…”

Section: Arsanilate Labyrinthectomymentioning

confidence: 99%

Fos-defined activity in rat brainstem following centripetal acceleration

1992

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To identify rat brainstem nuclei involved in the initial, shortterm response to a change in gravito-inertial force, adult Long-Evans rats were rotated in the horizontal plane for 90 min in complete darkness after they were eccentrically positioned off the axis of rotation (off-axis) causing a centripetal acceleration of 2 g. Neural activation was defined by the brainstem distribution of the c-fos primary response gene protein, Fos, using immunohistochemistry.The Fos labeling in off-axis animals was compared with that of control animals who were rotated on the axis of rotation (on-axis) with no centripetal acceleration, or who were restrained but not rotated. In the off-axis animals there was a significant labeling of neurons: in the inferior, medial, and y-group subnuclei of the vestibular complex; in subnuclei of the inferior olive, especially the dorsomedial cell column; in midbrain nuclei, including the interstitial nucleus of Cajal, nucleus of Darkschewitsch, Edinger-Westphal nucleus, and dorsolateral periaqueductal gray; in autonomic centers including the solitary nucleus, area postrema, and locus coeruleus; and in reticular nuclei including the lateral reticular nucleus and the lateral parabrachial nucleus. Also, there was greater Fos expression in the dorsomedial cell column, the principal inferior olive subnuclei, inferior vestibular nucleus, the dorsolateral central gray, and the locus coeruleus in animals who had their heads restrained compared to animals whose heads were not restrained. As one control, the vestibular neuroepithelium was destroyed by injecting sodium arsanilate into the middle ear, bilaterally. This resulted in a complete lack of Fos labeling in the vestibular nuclei and the inferior olive, and a significant reduction in labeling in other nuclei in the off-axis condition, indicating that these nuclei have a significant labyrinth-sensitive component to their Fos labeling. The data indicate that several novel brainstem regions, including the dorsomedial cell column of the inferior olive and the periaqueductal gray, as well as more traditional brainstem nuclei including vestibular and oculomotor related nuclei, respond to otolith activation during a sustained centripetal acceleration.Received Mar. 2, 1992; revised June 5, 1992; accepted June 12, 1992. We thank Jaw-Hem Lee and Huna Nauven for their sutmortine work in our labs. This work is made possible by a griduate student researchepprogram fellowship and NIH Grants DC01086, NS19208, DC001 10, DE06682, and DA06687.Correspondence should be addressed to Alvin J. Normal coordination of body movement and posture depends upon an accurate spatial reference. The otolith organs of the vestibular labyrinth are sensitive to the direction and magnitude of the earth's gravity and could provide a reference for integrating vestibular, visual, and somatosensory information to help control movement. When a sustained change in the gravitoinertial force occurs (e.g., from a novel linear motion, in a microgravity environment, or as a result of inner ear...

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Conditioned taste aversion and motion sickness in cats and squirrel monkeys

Cited by 32 publications

References 23 publications

Sex and estrous cycle differences in the behavioral effects of high-strength static magnetic fields: role of ovarian steroids

Sex and estrous cycle differences in the behavioral effects of high-strength static magnetic fields: role of ovarian steroids

Signals for nausea and emesis: Implications for models of upper gastrointestinal diseases

Fos-defined activity in rat brainstem following centripetal acceleration

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