Conditioned hormonal responses: A systematic review in animals and humans

Abstract

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What is new in the psychology of chronic itch?

“…Moreover, it is known that mechanical stimulation of the skin during scratching leads to a release of proinflammatory cytokines which in turn worsen itch. Moreover, placebo research on expectancies has shown that immune and endocrine reactions can be learned by conditioning and evoked without pharmacologically active substances . Attention, negative affect and expectancies also influence the behavioural component of itch, such as scratching behaviour and limited medication adherence in chronic skin disease, which may additionally result in poorer skin condition and more itch …”

Human hunger as a memory process.

“…There is then a potentially useful consequence of having a hunger system predicated on learned cues, because they can also serve as a signal for the body to prepare for nutrient intake. While a proportion of the human cephalic phase response is initiated by the presence of food in the mouth, more distal food cues (e.g., sight, smell) also produce a response both for insulin (Wiedemann et al, 2020) and other digestive hormones (Skvortsova et al, 2021).…”

Cellular Signaling Pathways as Plastic, Proto-cognitive Systems: Implications for Biomedicine

“…Explorations of this are necessary to find what internal biological processes can be conditioned besides the ones already found. For example, the immune and endocrine systems can be conditioned, and the type of paired environmental cue had a significant effect on the strength of the conditioning [139][140][141][142].…”