Conditioned Eyelid Movement Is not a Blink

Powers, Alice Schade; Coburn-Litvak, P.S.; Evinger, Craig

doi:10.1152/jn.00631.2009

Cited by 15 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…In classical eyeblink conditioning, an air puff directed at the face (or mild electric shock near the eyes) is repeatedly paired with a cue such as a light or auditory tone, eventually provoking an eyeblink in response to the cue (Schade Powers et al, 2010 ). This learning relies on the cerebellum acting in concert with brainstem, hippocampal, and striatal regions (Steinmetz, 2000 ; Gerwig et al, 2007 ; Cheng et al, 2008 , 2014 ; Thürling et al, 2015 ), many of which have been suggested to function atypically in ASD (Jou et al, 2009 ; Wang et al, 2014 ).…”

Section: Learning In the Context Of Aversive Conditioningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reinforcement Learning in Autism Spectrum Disorder

et al. 2017

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Early behavioral interventions are recognized as integral to standard care in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and often focus on reinforcing desired behaviors (e.g., eye contact) and reducing the presence of atypical behaviors (e.g., echoing others' phrases). However, efficacy of these programs is mixed. Reinforcement learning relies on neurocircuitry that has been reported to be atypical in ASD: prefrontal-sub-cortical circuits, amygdala, brainstem, and cerebellum. Thus, early behavioral interventions rely on neurocircuitry that may function atypically in at least a subset of individuals with ASD. Recent work has investigated physiological, behavioral, and neural responses to reinforcers to uncover differences in motivation and learning in ASD. We will synthesize this work to identify promising avenues for future research that ultimately can be used to enhance the efficacy of early intervention.

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Section: Learning In the Context Of Aversive Conditioningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reinforcement Learning in Autism Spectrum Disorder

et al. 2017

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“…Blinks have been defined in various ways, depending on the field of study, including kinematic properties (eg, duration) and associated neural activity,4,23 reflex, voluntary, endogenous, and conditioned responses,24 and nonblink closures 25. More recently, spontaneous eyeblink activity and its neural control have been studied independently of disease 26,27.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blink patterns and lid-contact times in dry-eye and normal subjects

Ousler

Abelson

Johnston

et al. 2014

OPTH

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PurposeTo classify blinks in dry eye and normal subjects into six subtypes, and to define the blink rate and duration within each type of blink, as well as the total lid-contact time/minute.Materials and methodsThis was a single-centered, prospective, double-blind study of eleven dry-eye and ten normal subjects. Predefined subjects watched a video while blinks were recorded for 10 minutes. Partial blinks were classified by percentage closure of maximal palpebral fissure opening: 25%, 50%, 75%. Complete blinks were characterized as full (>0 seconds), extended (>0.1 seconds), or superextended (>0.5 seconds). The mean duration of each type of blink was determined and standardized per minute as total lid-contact time.ResultsTotal blinks observed were 4,990 (1,414 normal, 3,756 dry eye): 1,809 (50.59%) partial and 1,767 (49.41%) complete blinks among dry-eye subjects versus 741 (52.90%) partial and 673 (47.60%) complete blinks among normal subjects. Only superextended blinks of ≥0.5-second duration were significantly more frequent in dry-eye subjects than normals (2.3% versus 0.2%, respectively; P=0.023). Total contact time was seven times higher in dry-eye subjects than normals (0.565 versus 0.080 seconds, respectively; P<0.001). Isolating only extended blinks (>0.1 second), the average contact time (seconds) was four times longer in dry-eye versus normal subjects (2.459 in dry eye, 0.575 in normals; P=0.003). Isolating only superextended blinks (>0.5 seconds), average contact time was also significantly different (7.134 in dry eye, 1.589 in normals; P<0.001). The contact rate for all full closures was 6.4 times longer in dry-eye (0.045 versus 0.007, P<0.001) than normal subjects.ConclusionDry-eye subjects spent 4.5% of a minute with their eyes closed, while normal subjects spent 0.7% of a minute with their eyes closed. Contact time might play a role in the visual function decay associated with increased blink rates.

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“…1D), the threshold current necessary to evoke the R2 trigeminal blink component was significantly larger for males than for females [males 3.1 mA Ϯ 0.19 (n ϭ 13); females 2.3 mA Ϯ 0.18 (n ϭ 17); t (28) ϭ 3.02, P Ͻ 0.01; Fig. 5A] (Peshori et al 2001;Schade Powers et al 2010;Schicatano et al 2002). Our data using HFS to depress trigeminal reflex blink amplitude in human subjects (Mao and Evinger 2001) also suggested the same sex difference.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex, blinking, and dry eye

Culoso

Lowe

Evinger

2020

Journal of Neurophysiology

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Blinking sustains the corneal tear film generated by sexually dimorphic lacrimal and meibomian glands. Our study examines whether trigeminal control of blinking is also sexually dimorphic by investigating trigeminal reflex blinking, associative blink modification, and spontaneous blinking in male and female rats before and after unilateral dry eye caused by exorbital gland removal. Before gland removal, female rats exhibited a lower threshold for evoking trigeminal reflex blinks, a weaker effect of associative blink modification, and longer-duration spontaneous blinks than males. Spontaneous blink rate, reflex blink excitability, and occurrence of blink oscillations did not differ between the sexes. Reanalysis of previous data showed that humans showed the same blink sexual dimorphisms as rats. During the first 2 wk of dry eye, trigeminal blink circuit excitability and blink oscillations steadily rose in male rats, whereas excitability and blink oscillations did not change in females. Following dry eye, spontaneous blink duration increased for both males and females, whereas spontaneous blink rate remained constant for males but decreased for females. The associative modification treatment to depress trigeminal blink amplitude initially produced blink depression in males that converted to blink potentiation as trigeminal excitability rose, whereas females exhibited progressively more blink depression. These data indicated that dry eye increased excitability in male trigeminal reflex blink circuits at the expense of circuit modifiability, whereas trigeminal modifiability increased in females. This increased modifiability of female trigeminal blink circuits with dry eye may contribute to the preponderance of females developing the focal dystonia, benign essential blepharospasm. NEW & NOTEWORTHY All the elements controlling the corneal tear film are sexually dimorphic. Blinking, which smooths and maintains the tear film, also exhibits sex differences. Dry eye increases the sexual dimorphisms of blinking, including increased exaggeration of excitability in males and enhanced modifiability of the female trigeminal complex. This increased modifiability may explain female predominance in the development of the focal dystonia, benign essential blepharospasm.

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Conditioned Eyelid Movement Is not a Blink

Cited by 15 publications

References 63 publications

Reinforcement Learning in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Reinforcement Learning in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Blink patterns and lid-contact times in dry-eye and normal subjects

Sex, blinking, and dry eye

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