Conditioned Aversion to Saccharin Solution with High Dose Rates of X-Rays as the Unconditioned Stimulus

Smith, James C.; Morris, Dale D.; Hendricks, Jean

doi:10.2307/3571735

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Since the mid 1950s it has been known that rats avoid intake of a gustatory conditioned stimulus (CS), such as saccharin, after it has been paired with an aversive, illness-inducing agent such as lithium chloride (LiCl) or x-radiation [9][10][11]. This phenomenon, referred to as a conditioned taste aversion (CTA), was found to occur following a single taste-illness pairing and even when using relatively long intervals between access to the CS and exposure to the aversive unconditioned stimulus (US).…”

Section: The Model: Experimenter Delivered Drugmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reward comparison: the Achilles’ heel and hope for addiction

Grigson

2008

Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models

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In the words of the late Charles Flaherty, reward comparison is commonplace. Rats and man, it appears, compare all rewards and this capacity likely contributes to our ability to select the most appropriate reward/behavior (food, water, salt, sex), at the most ideal level (e.g., a certain sweetness), at any given time. A second advantage of our predisposition for reward comparison is that the availability of rich alternative rewards can protect against our becoming addicted to any single reward/behavior. Thus, the potential protective effects of natural rewards/enrichment are addressed. Despite this, behavior can become inflexible when, through the development of addiction, stress, drug, or cues elicit craving, withdrawal, and ultimately, drug-seeking. Drug-seeking corresponds with a 'window of inopportunity', when even potent natural rewards have little or no impact on behavior. During this time, there is a unitary solution to the need state, and that solution is drug. The present animal model explores this 'window of inopportunity' when natural rewards are devalued and drug-seeking is engaged and considers a mode of possible intervention.

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Section: The Model: Experimenter Delivered Drugmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reward comparison: the Achilles’ heel and hope for addiction

Grigson

2008

Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models

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“…However, the aversive and sedative effects of doses of Sal A that selectively attenuated cocaine seeking (0.3 mg/kg) unknown. Therefore, we evaluated the aversive effect of Sal A using a conditioned taste aversion (CTA) paradigm (Smith et al , 1964; Fenu et al , 2005) and also measured effects on spontaneous locomotor activity (Hooker et al , 2009). Recent reports on the effects of Sal A on depression have been equivocal with both pro- (Carlezon et al , 2006) and anti-depressant effects (Braida et al , 2009) reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A single injection of a novel kappa opioid receptor agonist salvinorin A attenuates the expression of cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization in rats

Morani¹,

Schenk

Prisinzano

et al. 2012

Behavioural Pharmacology

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Kappa opioid receptor (KOPr) activation antagonizes many cocaine-related behaviors but adverse side effects such as sedation, dysphoria and depression limit their therapeutic use. Recently, salvinorin A (Sal A), a naturally occurring KOPr agonist, has been shown to attenuate cocaine-induced drug-seeking in a model of relapse in rats. The present study evaluated the effects of acute Sal A exposure on cocaine-induced hyperactivity and cocaine sensitization in rats. Acute treatment with the dose of Sal A that decreased drug-seeking in a previous study (0.3 mg/kg), significantly attenuated the expression of cocaine sensitization. This dose of Sal A failed to affect spontaneous locomotion or to produce a conditioned taste aversion to a novel-tasting saccharin solution. However, Sal A decreased climbing and swimming time and increased time spent immobile in the forced swim test. These findings indicate that Sal A, just like traditional KOPr agonists, attenuates cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization but does not produce the adverse effect of conditioned aversion, suggesting improved potential compliance. However, pro-depressive effects were also produced and these effects may limit the therapeutic potential.

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“…Always using a 24-48 two-bottle preference test, always analyzing preference scores and total fluid consumption, we found aversion in the saccharin-X-ray groups and no significant aversion in the other groups. Sometimes there was more variability in water-X-ray groups (Smith, et al 1964, is an example of this-see Table 1), but I these water-X-ray groups were not different from the water-sham groups.…”

mentioning

confidence: 94%

Comment on paper by Mitchell, Scott, and Mitchell

Smith

1978

Animal Learning & Behavior

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I have read with interest the paper by Mitchell et al. (1977) and the subsequent correspondence regarding this paper (Mitchell, 1977; Revusky, 1977). There are several points missing from the paper and the correspondence which need attention. I submit evidence from our past research for consideration. We conducted several X-ray-induced tasteaversion studies using groups of rats where saccharin was paired with X-rays, saccharin was paired with sham exposure, water was paired with X-rays, or water was paired with sham exposure (e.g., Morris

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Conditioned Aversion to Saccharin Solution with High Dose Rates of X-Rays as the Unconditioned Stimulus

Cited by 14 publications

References 6 publications

Reward comparison: the Achilles’ heel and hope for addiction

Reward comparison: the Achilles’ heel and hope for addiction

A single injection of a novel kappa opioid receptor agonist salvinorin A attenuates the expression of cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization in rats

Comment on paper by Mitchell, Scott, and Mitchell

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