“…While a number of randomized trials suggest that financial incentives do improve student achievement (e.g., Angrist, Lang and Oreopoulos 2009, Angrist et al 2002, Kremer, Miguel and Thornton 2009, Angrist and Lavy 2009, Dearden et al 2009, Dee 2009and Pallais 2009 there is also evidence of more limited or no effects (e.g., Angrist, Oreopoulos and Williams 2010, Fryer 2010, Bettinger 2008and Sharma 2010.…”