Condition assessment of reinforced concrete structures subject to chloride ingress: A case study of updating the model prediction considering inspection data

Samarakoon, S. M. Samindi M. K.; Sælensminde, Jan

doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2015.03.011

Cited by 19 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…As durability design concepts move from a deterministic method to a probabilistic approach [49][50][51], it is then necessary to secure a significant data-base on field measurements for concrete exposed to different environmental actions; the present work presented makes such a contribution in relation to marine exposed concrete. Table 3.…”

Section: Conclusion and Concluding Commentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the tidal zone, two chloride threshold values were used 0.4% and 2.0 % by weight of cement and the chloride threshold level of the splash zone was used 0.4 % by weight of cement. The empirical model and the modified ClinConc model predicted similar ILS times.As durability design concepts move from a deterministic method to a probabilistic approach [49][50][51], it is then necessary to secure a significant data-base on field measurements for concrete exposed to different environmental actions; the present work presented makes such a contribution in relation to marine exposed concrete. …”

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confidence: 99%

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Chloride ingress into marine exposed concrete: A comparison of empirical- and physically- based models

Kim

McCarter

Suryanto

et al. 2016

Cement and Concrete Composites

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This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. M A N U S C R I P T A C C E P T E D ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT AbstractIn establishing the reliability of performance-related design methods for concrete -which are relevant for resistance against chloride-induced corrosion -long-term experience of local materials and practices and detailed knowledge of the ambient and local micro-climate are critical. Furthermore, in the development of analytical models for performance-based design, calibration against test data representative of actual conditions in practice is required. To this end, the current study presents results from full-scale, concrete pier-stems under long-term exposure to a marine environment with work focussing on XS2 (below mid-tide level) in which the concrete is regarded as fully saturated and XS3 (tidal, splash and spray) in which the concrete is in an unsaturated condition. These exposures represent zones where concrete structures are most susceptible to ionic ingress and deterioration. Chloride profiles and chloride transport behaviour are studied using both an empirical model (erfc function) and a physical model (ClinConc). The time dependency of surface chloride concentration (C s ) and apparent diffusivity (D a ) were established for the empirical model whereas, in the ClinConc model (originally based on saturated concrete), two new environmental factors were introduced for the XS3 environmental exposure zone. Although the XS3 is considered as one environmental exposure zone according to BS EN 206-1:2013, the work has highlighted that even within this zone, significant changes in chloride ingress are evident. This study aims to update the parameters of both models for predicting the long term transport behaviour of concrete subjected to environmental exposure classes XS2 and XS3.Keywords: concrete, full-scale testing, marine environment, modelling, durability, IntroductionThe most predominant process associated with reinforced concrete deterioration is the ingress of water contaminated with chloride either from deicing salt used for snow and ice control on roads for winter maintenance purposes or from the marine environment where, for example, bridges span tidal estuaries. Because the use of deicing salt is likely to continue for the foreseeable future, and concrete structures will always be placed in, or near, the marine environment, little can be done to prevent structures from being exposed to chloride salts.The premature deterioration of concrete structures due to chloride ingress and subsequent corrosion of the steel reinforcement is a world-wide problem and imparts a significant drain...

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Section: Conclusion and Concluding Commentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Chloride ingress into marine exposed concrete: A comparison of empirical- and physically- based models

Kim

McCarter

Suryanto

et al. 2016

Cement and Concrete Composites

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“…Another situation of interest is represented by the surveys of existing structures affected by reinforcement corrosion due to chlorides, for assessing their residual service life [13,14]. In such cases it is frequent to perform more or less extensive campaigns for obtaining experimental raw data, typically chloride content profiles, and calculated transport parameters representing the performance of the structure.…”

Section: A C C E P T E D Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Substituting here (14) and the A i definitions and taking into account that ∂a i /∂a j = δ ij (δ ij is the Kronecker's delta) and ∂a i /∂y = 0 (in both cases because Y and A i (i = 2 . .…”

Section: General Formulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depassivation time estimation in reinforced concrete structures exposed to chloride ingress: A probabilistic approach

Almenar

Antón

López

et al. 2017

Cement and Concrete Composites

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Estimation of depassivation time is a key issue in corrosion prevention. A method to get a probabilistic model from a deterministic one is presented and applied to three simple models: square root of time (SRT), error function (EF) and constant flux (CF) models. Probability distributions of the involved random variables are needed as input parameters. Experimental data have been obtained from a concrete structure exposed to the atmospheric marine environment. These data are analysed to obtain the probability distributions of chloride transport parameters: penetration velocity k (SRT model), diffusion coefficient D (EF and CF models), surface chloride concentration C S (EF model), and chloride ingress flux J (CF model). These distributions are used to calculate the depassivation time probability distributions according to the three models and the orientation of the samples respect to the sea. This allows to estimate depassivation time for a given depassivation probability.

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“…In addition, model parameters characterising material durability or environmental exposure could be identified from inspection measurements. These parameters, combined with chloride ingress models, are useful to: (i) update service life prediction models and costs (Samarakoon & Saelensminde, 2015), and (ii) optimise inspection campaigns (Bastidas-Arteaga & Schoefs, 2012;Sánchez-Silva & Klutke, 2016); however, long-term results of the above mentioned applications are often influenced by:…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Bayesian network framework for statistical characterisation of model parameters from accelerated tests: application to chloride ingress into concrete

Tran

Bastidas‐Arteaga

Schoefs

et al. 2017

Structure and Infrastructure Engineering

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This paper addresses the topic of long-term characterisation and probabilistic modelling of chloride ingress into reinforced concrete (RC) structures. Since the corrosion initiation stage may cover various decades, normal tests which simulate chloride penetration into concrete in laboratory conditions as the same as natural conditions, will require significant experimental times. Hence, long-term lifetime assessment of RC structures under chloride attack remains still a challenge. In practice this problem is solved through the use of accelerated tests which speed up the chloride ingress rate and provide valuable mid-and long-term information on the chloride penetration process. Nevertheless, this information cannot be directly used for parameter statistical characterisation if the equivalent times required in natural conditions to reach the same chloride concentrations in the accelerated tests are unknown. Consequently, this study proposes a novel iterative approach based on Bayesian network updating to estimate chloride ingress model parameters from the data obtained under accelerated laboratory conditions. The Bayesian Network structure and iterative approach are first tested with numerical evidences. Thereafter, the complete proposed methodology is verified with results from real experimental measurements. The results indicate that combining data from normal and accelerated tests significantly reduces the statistical characterisation error of model parameters.

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Condition assessment of reinforced concrete structures subject to chloride ingress: A case study of updating the model prediction considering inspection data

Cited by 19 publications

References 6 publications

Chloride ingress into marine exposed concrete: A comparison of empirical- and physically- based models

Chloride ingress into marine exposed concrete: A comparison of empirical- and physically- based models

Depassivation time estimation in reinforced concrete structures exposed to chloride ingress: A probabilistic approach

A Bayesian network framework for statistical characterisation of model parameters from accelerated tests: application to chloride ingress into concrete

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