Zealand, and the United Kingdom. The results show that a broad range of management strategies are used-e.g., some utilities assess all valves on a cyclic basis, whereas others have no program of assessments at all. Inspection intervals specified in industry guidelines are not generally applied, and pragmatic approaches to inspections tend to be used. In the face of resource constraints, the authors concluded that utilities should adopt a risk-based approach that focuses maintenance efforts on "critical" valves.