Condition assessment of concrete-made structures using ground penetrating radar

Tunnel lining detection and retrofitting

“…Typically, the overall condition evaluation of the tunnel is carried out by Expert Methods [26]. With the in-depth exploration of the ageing mechanism of architectural structures and the development of the detection methodology, new evaluation techniques have been proposed by researchers [24,27]. As more and more evaluation methods are available [28][29][30], the evaluation framework for the tunnels is gradually forming.…”

“…It includes three main steps: presentation of evaluation criteria, selection of evaluation parameters, and derivation of evaluation results. From previous studies, the boundary between detection and evaluation is not always clear [24,27]. There is a lack of reviews sorting the effective methods for structural health assessments of tunnel linings (summarized as Appendix 2).…”