Condensins and cohesins – one of these things is not like the other!

Skibbens, Robert V.

doi:10.1242/jcs.220491

Cited by 44 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 148 publications

(257 reference statements)

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“…They are essential for chromatin organization and dynamics, gene regulation and DNA repair. In eukaryotes six conserved SMC subunits form the core of three different complexes: cohesin, involved in sister chromatids cohesion and interphase chromatin arrangement; condensin, involved in mitotic and meiotic chromosome organization (van Ruiten and Rowland, 2018;Skibbens, 2019); and the SMC5/SMC6 complex, mainly involved in DNA repair and replication (Jeppsson et al, 2014). Animals have two condensin complexes, condensin I and II (Ono et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Arabidopsis condensin CAP-D subunits arrange interphase chromatin

Municio

Antosz

Grasser

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Condensins are best known for their role in shaping chromosomes. However, other functions as organizing interphase chromatin and transcriptional control have been reported in yeasts and animals. Yeasts encode one condensin complex, while higher eukaryotes have two of them (condensin I and II). Both, condensin I and II, are conserved in Arabidopsis thaliana, but so far little is known about their function. Here we show that the A. thaliana CAP-D2 (condensin I) and CAP-D3 (condensin II) subunits are highly expressed in mitotically active tissues. In silico and pull-down experiments indicate that both CAP-D proteins interact with the other condensin I and II subunits. Our data suggest that the expression, localization and composition of the condensin complexes in A. thaliana are similar as in other higher eukaryotes. Previous experiments showed that the lack of A. thaliana CAP-D3 leads to centromere association during interphase. To study the function of CAP-D3 in chromatin organization more in detail we compared the nuclear distribution of rDNA, of centromeric chromocenters and of different epigenetic marks, as well as the nuclear size between wild-type and cap-d3 mutants. In these mutants an association of heterochromatic sequences occurs, but nuclear size and the general methylation and acetylation patterns remain unchanged. In addition, transcriptome analyses revealed a moderate influence of CAP-D3 on general transcription, but a stronger one on transcription of stress-related genes. We propose a model for the CAP-D3 function during interphase, where CAP-D3 localizes in euchromatin loops to stiff them, and consequently separates centromeric regions and 45S rDNA repeats.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Arabidopsis condensin CAP-D subunits arrange interphase chromatin

Municio

Antosz

Grasser

et al. 2019

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…In vivo studies using yeast indicate that during metaphase, cohesin is radially displaced from the pericentric DNA [11,12], which is dependent on its ability to passively diffuse along the chromosome [18], and suggests that it plays a role in linking the C-loops generated by condensin. However, other studies suggest a cohesin-mediated loop extrusion model, particularly during interphase [62,68]. In mammalian cells, ChIP-seq in combination with Hi-C indicates that cohesin is localized to topological associated domains (TADs), an indicator of loop formations [69], and further studies suggest cohesin may directly regulate these loops [70][71][72][73].…”

Section: Smc Proteins In the Pericentromere And Nucleolus Display Commentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cohesin contains a Smc1/Smc3 heterodimer, as well as two other subunits: Scc1 (also referred to as Mcd1 or Rad21) and Scc3 (also known as SA) [54]. Cohesin can form a ring-like molecule [60,61] among many other possible configurations [62][63][64]. While first identified for its prominent role in sister chromatid cohesion [65], the exact mechanism of the cohesion ability of cohesin remains debated.…”

Section: Smc Proteins In the Pericentromere And Nucleolus Display Commentioning

confidence: 99%

Common Features of the Pericentromere and Nucleolus

Lawrimore

Bloom

2019

Genes

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Both the pericentromere and the nucleolus have unique characteristics that distinguish them amongst the rest of genome. Looping of pericentromeric DNA, due to structural maintenance of chromosome (SMC) proteins condensin and cohesin, drives its ability to maintain tension during metaphase. Similar loops are formed via condensin and cohesin in nucleolar ribosomal DNA (rDNA). Condensin and cohesin are also concentrated in transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, genes which may be located within the pericentromere as well as tethered to the nucleolus. Replication fork stalling, as well as downstream consequences such as genomic recombination, are characteristic of both the pericentromere and rDNA. Furthermore, emerging evidence suggests that the pericentromere may function as a liquid–liquid phase separated domain, similar to the nucleolus. We therefore propose that the pericentromere and nucleolus, in part due to their enrichment of SMC proteins and others, contain similar domains that drive important cellular activities such as segregation, stability, and repair.

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“…Interest in the biology of DDX11 helicase continues to grow with the identification of new patients [381], development of cell-based models [382][383][384][385], and an increased understanding of the molecular events important for sister chromatid cohesion [386][387][388]. However, compared to the Fe-S helicases XPD, FANCJ, and the human RecQ helicases, the mechanism and functional importance of helicase-catalyzed DNA unwinding by DDX11 (or RTEL1) has been largely under-studied.…”

Section: Dyskeratosis Congenita and Warsaw Breakage Syndromementioning

confidence: 99%

History of DNA Helicases

Brosh

Matson

2020

Genes

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Since the discovery of the DNA double helix, there has been a fascination in understanding the molecular mechanisms and cellular processes that account for: (i) the transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next and (ii) the remarkable stability of the genome. Nucleic acid biologists have endeavored to unravel the mysteries of DNA not only to understand the processes of DNA replication, repair, recombination, and transcription but to also characterize the underlying basis of genetic diseases characterized by chromosomal instability. Perhaps unexpectedly at first, DNA helicases have arisen as a key class of enzymes to study in this latter capacity. From the first discovery of ATP-dependent DNA unwinding enzymes in the mid 1970’s to the burgeoning of helicase-dependent pathways found to be prevalent in all kingdoms of life, the story of scientific discovery in helicase research is rich and informative. Over four decades after their discovery, we take this opportunity to provide a history of DNA helicases. No doubt, many chapters are left to be written. Nonetheless, at this juncture we are privileged to share our perspective on the DNA helicase field – where it has been, its current state, and where it is headed.

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Condensins and cohesins – one of these things is not like the other!

Cited by 44 publications

References 148 publications

The Arabidopsis condensin CAP-D subunits arrange interphase chromatin

The Arabidopsis condensin CAP-D subunits arrange interphase chromatin

Common Features of the Pericentromere and Nucleolus

History of DNA Helicases

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