Condensed-phase processes during combustion of solid gun propellants. II. nitramine composite propellants

Schroeder, Michael A.; Fifer, Robert A.; Miller, Martin S.; Pesce‐Rodriguez, Rose A.; McNesby, C.J.S; Singh, Gurpreet; Widder, Jeffrey M.

doi:10.1016/s0010-2180(01)00267-x

Cited by 14 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…SEM examination reveals that the extinguished surface of E-1 sample contain numerous bubbles, which appear as holes on the surface. The phenomeon seems in agreement with the reports 18,19 . The diameters of these holes are 9~20µm.…”

Section: Analysis Of Quenched Surfacesupporting

confidence: 92%

“…The melt binder and its decomposition products tend to accumulate in the region just under the burning surface. The surface layers during combustion contain enhanced amount of the binder and/or its condensed-phase decomposition products 19 , so the melt layer of the burning surface of E-2 propellant shows few signs of crystallisation. Figure 7 (b) shows the cross-sections of the burned E-2 propellant.…”

Section: Analysis Of Quenched Surfacementioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Nitrate Ester on the Combustion Characteristics of PET/HMX -based Propellants

Zhu

2011

DSJ

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INTRODUCTIONEthylene oxide-tetrahydrofuran copolyether (PET), as a polymer binder and cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine (HMX) as an oxidiser are the major components of nitrate ester plasticised polyether (NEPE) propellants. Over the past several years, advances in energetic materials have been made in many types of propellant ingredients, including binders, oxidisers, and metal additives. Numerous literatures studies describe how to decrease the burning rate pressure exponent of NEPE propellants or how to enhance its combustion performance [1][2][3] . However, few data are available regarding the effect of nitrate ester nitroglycerine/triethylene glycol dinitrate (NG/TEGDN) on combustion characteristics of propellants, so the present paper is efforts to increase our knowledge in interpreting the combustion characteristics of PET/HMX-based propellants with different NG/TEGDN contents.Plasticiser is a key ingredient of high-energetic solid propellant and plays a vital role in controlling the solid propellant property. Extensive studies for plasticiser concentrate on thermodynamic, structural, mechanical, ballistic implication and sensitivity in high energy propellant [4][5][6][7][8] . Literature survey reveals that few studies have been conducted on the effect of nitrate ester NG/TEGDN on the combustion characteristics of PET/HMX-based propellants.The primary objective of this study is to characterise and compare the combustion behaviour of PET/HMX based solid propellants with different NG/TEGDN contents. It is hoped that this work would be useful in providing a clearer understanding of high performance energetic solid propellant studies. EXPERIMENTAL 2.1 Propellant FormulationsThe propellant samples (E-1 and E-2) investigated in this study consist of HMX particles with PET as a binder and NG/TEGDN as plasticisers. The particle size of HMX is 5-80 μm. Their main compositions are shown in Table 1. Effect of Nitrate Ester on the Combustion Characteristics of PET/HMX-based Propellants ABSTRACTThe effect of nitrate ester NG/TEGDN on the combustion characteristics of PET/HMX-based propellants has been experimentally investigated using of high-speed photography technique and scanning electron microscopy. It is indicated that the increase of NG/TEGDN content has little impact on the propellant burning rates at the same pressure. Furthermore, propellant can not be self-sustaining combustion at low pressure (≤1 MPa). The increase of NG/TEGDN content does not affect the flame structure of propellant, but it plays an important role in condensed phase reaction zone. The flame structure of propellant is estimated. The thermal decomposition products in different combustion zones are also discussed. Scanning electron microscopy examination of quenched sample indicates that a liquified layer forms during combustion of these propellants. Numerous gas bubbles are present. Especially, the burning surface of propellant with low NG/TEGDN content shows signs of crystallization. The thickness of condensed phase reaction zone, by cross...

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Section: Analysis Of Quenched Surfacesupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Analysis Of Quenched Surfacementioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Nitrate Ester on the Combustion Characteristics of PET/HMX -based Propellants

Zhu

2011

DSJ

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“…to diffuse more readily in C120, thereby reducing the cage effect and the importance of our prompt oxidation mechanism. This would explain the greater production of NO2 observed in the decomposition of C120 [3 11. The relative importance of the cage effects will also be influenced by changes in the material characteristics in nanoenergetic material formulations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Initial reaction steps in the condensed-phase decomposition of propellants

Melius

Piqueras

2002

Proceedings of the Combustion Institute

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“…They then analyzed the quenched melt layer using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Schroeder et al [4] quenched samples of RDX and various propellants containing HMX and RDX, and they analyzed the quenched samples using SEM, photoacoustic Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), microreflectance FTIR, gas chromatography mass spectrometry, high-performance liquid chromatography, and depth-profiling. Wilson et al [5] examined quenched samples of two RDX containing propellants with an environmental SEM to image the surface without a conductive coating.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Micro Videographic Analysis of the Melt Layer of Self‐Deflagrating HMX and RDX

Washburn¹,

Parr²,

Hanson‐Parr³

2010

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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Micro videographic analysis of the thin molten layer on the surface of HMX (Octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine) and RDX (Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine) during self deflagration were performed. This was done to gain a better understanding of the physical structure present in this 100 -300 mm layer and give a visual picture for the development of computational models. During steady-state combustion, RDX had a consistent melt layer with vigorous bubble formation. There was a continuous liquid layer throughout combustion and no foam was formed. The surface of HMX during steady-state combustion at ambient initial temperatures was an uneven layer of foam. Foam appeared to convect across the surface in undulating waves. At elevated initial temperatures, the HMX molten layer was a consistent foam layer in both time and space. Micro videography was also done with a diagnostic laser sheet as illumination to measure the melt layer thickness. The RDX bubbling layer was about 217 AE 30 mm thick. The HMX foam thickness varied from almost nothing to 660 mm, with an average value of about 234 AE 106 mm. A one-dimensional multiphase propellant ingredient combustion model was modified to represent the foam structure better. A foam model used to model fire suppression foam was implemented. The void fraction had a consistent trend and the calculated burning rate temperature sensitivity increased to follow the experimental measured values better.

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Condensed-phase processes during combustion of solid gun propellants. II. nitramine composite propellants

Cited by 14 publications

References 43 publications

Effect of Nitrate Ester on the Combustion Characteristics of PET/HMX -based Propellants

Effect of Nitrate Ester on the Combustion Characteristics of PET/HMX -based Propellants

Initial reaction steps in the condensed-phase decomposition of propellants

Micro Videographic Analysis of the Melt Layer of Self‐Deflagrating HMX and RDX

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