2008
DOI: 10.1080/02786820802232964
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Condensational Growth May Contribute to the Enhanced Deposition of Cigarette Smoke Particles in the Upper Respiratory Tract

Abstract: Previous experimental studies have shown that concentrated cigarette smoke particles (CSPs) deposit in the upper airways like much larger 6 to 7 µm aerosols. Based on the frequent assumption that relative humidity (RH) in the lungs does not exceed approximately 99.5%, the hygroscopic growth of initially submicrometer CSPs is expected to be a relatively minor factor. However, the inhalation of mainstream smoke may result in humidity values ranging from sub-saturated through supersaturated conditions. The object… Show more

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Cited by 112 publications
(91 citation statements)
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References 73 publications
(160 reference statements)
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“…The conservation of mass and momentum equations used with the LRN k-x model are available from Wilcox (86) and were previously reported by Longest and Xi. (87) Similarly, the equations governing turbulent kinetic energy (k) and specific dissipation rate (x) were also reported by Longest and Xi. (87) The LRN k-x model resolves the flow field through the buffer and viscous sublayers in transitional and turbulent boundary layer internal flows, (86) provided that the near-wall mesh spacing is sufficient.…”
Section: Cfd Simulationsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The conservation of mass and momentum equations used with the LRN k-x model are available from Wilcox (86) and were previously reported by Longest and Xi. (87) Similarly, the equations governing turbulent kinetic energy (k) and specific dissipation rate (x) were also reported by Longest and Xi. (87) The LRN k-x model resolves the flow field through the buffer and viscous sublayers in transitional and turbulent boundary layer internal flows, (86) provided that the near-wall mesh spacing is sufficient.…”
Section: Cfd Simulationsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Other studies have highlighted the physical importance of tidal breathing, 27 effects of physical activities, 27 airway wall motion, 28 and nasal valve collapse. 29 Environmental aerosols are mostly non-spherical, 30 interacting among themselves, 31 and undergo size changes due to hygroscopic effects 32 or coagulation. 33 Moreover, each model in this study was based on images of one subject, which does not account for inter-subject variability which can be substantial.…”
Section: Limitationsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…(22,(24)(25)(26)(27) The related governing equations for mass and momentum transport along with turbulence variables are available in Wilcox (28) and Longest and Xi. (29) Coupled heat and mass convective-diffusive equations for turbulent flow were previously reported by Longest and Hindle.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%