Concussions During the 1997 Canadian Football League Season

Delaney, J. Scott; Lacroix, Vincent; Leclerc, Suzanne; Johnston, Karen

doi:10.1097/00042752-200001000-00003

Cited by 126 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Symptoms may be subtle, resemble other conditions such as dehydration and heat exhaustion, or resolve in less than 15 minutes or appear a few days later. [23][24][25] We also observed that consequences such as brain hemorrhage, coma, and death were not identified by more than 30% of participants, suggesting that more education should be directed toward those consequences and risks associated with concussions. Although we did not (19) assess them in our study, other factors that may influence knowledge about concussion are age and level of competition.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Concussion Knowledge in High School Football Players

Cournoyer

Tripp

2014

Journal of Athletic Training

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Context: Participating in sports while experiencing symptoms of a concussion can be dangerous. An athlete's lack of knowledge may be one factor influencing his or her decision to report symptoms. In an effort to enhance concussion education among high school athletes, legislation in Florida has attempted to address the issue through parental consent forms. Objective: To survey high school varsity football players to determine their level of knowledge about concussions after the initiation of new concussion-education legislation. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Descriptive survey administered in person during a team meeting. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 334 varsity football players from 11 high schools in Florida. Main Outcome Measure(s): Participants completed a survey and identified the symptoms and consequences of a concussion among distractors. They also indicated whether they had received education about concussions from a parent, formal education, neither, or both. Results: The most correctly identified symptoms were headache (97%), dizziness (93%), and confusion (90%), and the most correctly identified consequence was persistent headache (93%). Participants reported receiving education from their parents (54%) or from a formal source (60%). Twenty-five percent reported never receiving any education regarding concussions. No correlations were found between the method of education and the knowledge of symptoms or consequences of concussion. Conclusions: The high school football players we surveyed did not have appropriate knowledge of the symptoms and consequences of concussions. Nausea or vomiting, neck pain, grogginess, difficulty concentrating, and personality or behavioral changes were often missed by participants, and only a small proportion correctly identified brain hemorrhage, coma, and death as possible consequences of inappropriate care after a concussion. Even with parents or guardians signing a consent form indicating they discussed concussion awareness with their child, 46% of athletes suggested they had not.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Concussion Knowledge in High School Football Players

Cournoyer

Tripp

2014

Journal of Athletic Training

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“…The majority of prior studies depended on either the retrospective self-reporting of the athlete, or the judgment of a certified team trainer or first responder. 6,7,11,14,15,18,22,31 Second, the elevated and multisite points of observation used in our study provided improved ability to view the events occurring on the ice surface. Because our observers were specifically looking for concussions prospectively, as opposed to collecting these retrospectively or using historical injury data previously collected, we likely observed and recorded more events than otherwise might have been detected by team staff who have a multitude of other duties.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A prospective study of physician-observed concussions during junior ice hockey: implications for incidence rates

Echlin¹,

Tator

Cusimano

et al. 2010

FOC

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Object The objective of this study was to measure the incidence of concussion (scaled relative to number of athlete exposures) and recurrent concussion within 2 teams of fourth-tier junior ice hockey players (16–21 years old) during 1 regular season. Methods A prospective cohort study called the Hockey Concussion Education Project was conducted during 1 junior ice hockey regular season (2009–2010) involving 67 male fourth-tier ice hockey players (mean age 18.2 ± 1.2 years, range 16–21 years) from 2 teams. Prior to the start of the season, every player underwent baseline assessments using the Sideline Concussion Assessment Tool 2 (SCAT2) and the Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Test (ImPACT). The study protocol also required players who entered the study during the season to complete baseline SCAT2 and ImPACT testing. If the protocol was not followed, the postinjury test results of a player without true baseline test results would be compared against previously established age and gender group normative levels. Each regular season game was observed by a qualified physician and at least 1 other neutral nonphysician observer. Players who suffered a suspected concussion were evaluated at the game. If a concussion diagnosis was made, the player was subsequently examined in the physician's office for a full clinical evaluation and the SCAT2 and ImPACT were repeated. Based on these evaluations, players were counseled on the decision of when to return to play. Athlete exposure was defined as 1 game played by 1 athlete. Results Twenty-one concussions occurred during the 52 physician-observed games (incidence 21.5 concussions per 1000 athlete exposures). Five players experienced repeat concussions. No concussions were reported during practice sessions. A concussion was diagnosed by the physician in 19 (36.5%) of the 52 observed games. One of the 5 individuals who suffered a repeat concussion sustained his initial concussion in a regular season game that was not observed by a physician, and as a result this single case was not included in the total of 21 total concussions. This initial concussion of the player was identified during baseline testing 2 days after the injury and was subsequently medically diagnosed and treated. Conclusions The incidence of game-related concussions (per 100 athlete exposures) in these fourth-tier junior ice hockey players was 7 times higher than the highest rate previously reported in the literature. This difference may be the result of the use of standardized direct physician observation, diagnosis, and subsequent treatment. The results of this study demonstrate the need for follow-up studies involving larger and more diverse sample groups to reflect generalizability of the findings. These follow-up studies should involve other contact sports (for example football and rugby) and also include the full spectrum of gender, age, and skill levels.

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“…23 Studies using clinical data (e.g., self-report or athletic trainer examination) have consistently found differences in concussion incidence across football player positions. [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37] For example, using athlete self-report of concussion symptoms, Guskiewicz and colleagues found that linebackers and offensive linemen had the highest concussion rates per 1000 athletic exposures (AEs; exposure to a game or practice). 30 Based on self-report of concussion or postimpact symptoms, Delaney and colleagues found that tight ends and defensive linemen had the highest rates of diagnosed concussions in college football.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…31 In an earlier study, Delaney and colleagues found that, in professional football, the highest incidence of concussion was among quarterbacks and running backs. 32 Pellman and colleagues utilized athletic trainer and team physician reports of concussion and indicated that, although defensive backs had the highest incidence of concussions in the National Football League (NFL), quarterbacks had the greatest risk of injury per 100 game AEs. 34 Other studies have combined clinically observed concussions with helmet sensorbased head impact data to generate concussion risk curves, including positional variation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequency of Head-Impact–Related Outcomes by Position in NCAA Division I Collegiate Football Players

Baugh

Kiernan

Kroshus

et al. 2015

Journal of Neurotrauma

125

110

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Concussions and subconcussive impacts sustained in American football have been associated with short-and long-term neurological impairment, but differences in head impact outcomes across playing positions are not well understood. The American Medical Society for Sports Medicine has identified playing position as a key risk factor for concussion in football and one for which additional research is needed. This study examined variation in head impact outcomes across primary football playing positions in a group of 730 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Football Championship Series athletes, using a self-report questionnaire. Although there were no significant differences between position groups in the number of diagnosed concussions during the 2012 football season, there were significant differences between groups in undiagnosed concussions ( p = 0.008) and ''dings'' ( p < 0.001); offensive linemen reported significantly higher numbers than most other positions. Significant differences were found between position groups in the frequencies of several postimpact symptoms, including dizziness ( p < 0.001), headache ( p < 0.001), and seeing stars ( p < 0.001) during the 2012 football season, with offensive linemen reporting significantly more symptoms compared to most other groups. There were also positional differences in frequency of returning to play while symptomatic ( p < 0.001) and frequency of participating in full-contact practice ( p < 0.001). Offensive linemen reported having returned to play while experiencing symptoms more frequently and participating in more full-contact practices than other groups. These findings suggest that offensive linemen, a position group that experiences frequent, but low-magnitude, head impacts, develop more postimpact symptoms than other playing positions, but do not report these symptoms as a concussion.

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Concussions During the 1997 Canadian Football League Season

Abstract: Many players experienced a concussion during the 1997 CFL season, but the majority of these players may not have recognized that fact. Players need to be better informed about the symptoms and effects of concussions.

Cited by 126 publications

References 31 publications

Concussion Knowledge in High School Football Players

Concussion Knowledge in High School Football Players

A prospective study of physician-observed concussions during junior ice hockey: implications for incidence rates

Frequency of Head-Impact–Related Outcomes by Position in NCAA Division I Collegiate Football Players

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