Concussion incidences and severity in secondary school varsity football players.

Gerberich, Susan Goodwin; Priest, James D.; Boen, James R.; Sträub, Conrad P.; Maxwell, Robert E.

doi:10.2105/ajph.73.12.1370

Cited by 263 publications

(116 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(2 reference statements)

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“…The majority of prior studies depended on either the retrospective self-reporting of the athlete, or the judgment of a certified team trainer or first responder. 6,7,11,14,15,18,22,31 Second, the elevated and multisite points of observation used in our study provided improved ability to view the events occurring on the ice surface. Because our observers were specifically looking for concussions prospectively, as opposed to collecting these retrospectively or using historical injury data previously collected, we likely observed and recorded more events than otherwise might have been detected by team staff who have a multitude of other duties.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous sport concussion studies demonstrated that concussion predominantly occurs in game situations. [1][2][3]10,30 Gerberich et al, 11 a commonly cited retrospective study on recurrent concussions, states that the relative risk of concussions is 4 times higher than for individuals without this history. A prospective survey study of US high school and college football athletic trainers by Guskiewicz et al 15 found that players who had sustained 1 concussion were 3 times more likely to sustain a second concussion than those players who had not sustained a previous injury.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

A prospective study of physician-observed concussions during junior ice hockey: implications for incidence rates

Echlin¹,

Tator

Cusimano

et al. 2010

FOC

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Object The objective of this study was to measure the incidence of concussion (scaled relative to number of athlete exposures) and recurrent concussion within 2 teams of fourth-tier junior ice hockey players (16–21 years old) during 1 regular season. Methods A prospective cohort study called the Hockey Concussion Education Project was conducted during 1 junior ice hockey regular season (2009–2010) involving 67 male fourth-tier ice hockey players (mean age 18.2 ± 1.2 years, range 16–21 years) from 2 teams. Prior to the start of the season, every player underwent baseline assessments using the Sideline Concussion Assessment Tool 2 (SCAT2) and the Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Test (ImPACT). The study protocol also required players who entered the study during the season to complete baseline SCAT2 and ImPACT testing. If the protocol was not followed, the postinjury test results of a player without true baseline test results would be compared against previously established age and gender group normative levels. Each regular season game was observed by a qualified physician and at least 1 other neutral nonphysician observer. Players who suffered a suspected concussion were evaluated at the game. If a concussion diagnosis was made, the player was subsequently examined in the physician's office for a full clinical evaluation and the SCAT2 and ImPACT were repeated. Based on these evaluations, players were counseled on the decision of when to return to play. Athlete exposure was defined as 1 game played by 1 athlete. Results Twenty-one concussions occurred during the 52 physician-observed games (incidence 21.5 concussions per 1000 athlete exposures). Five players experienced repeat concussions. No concussions were reported during practice sessions. A concussion was diagnosed by the physician in 19 (36.5%) of the 52 observed games. One of the 5 individuals who suffered a repeat concussion sustained his initial concussion in a regular season game that was not observed by a physician, and as a result this single case was not included in the total of 21 total concussions. This initial concussion of the player was identified during baseline testing 2 days after the injury and was subsequently medically diagnosed and treated. Conclusions The incidence of game-related concussions (per 100 athlete exposures) in these fourth-tier junior ice hockey players was 7 times higher than the highest rate previously reported in the literature. This difference may be the result of the use of standardized direct physician observation, diagnosis, and subsequent treatment. The results of this study demonstrate the need for follow-up studies involving larger and more diverse sample groups to reflect generalizability of the findings. These follow-up studies should involve other contact sports (for example football and rugby) and also include the full spectrum of gender, age, and skill levels.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A prospective study of physician-observed concussions during junior ice hockey: implications for incidence rates

Echlin¹,

Tator

Cusimano

et al. 2010

FOC

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“…3,20,22,39 Concussion rates vary according to type of sport. Recent studies have found concussion rates of 6.7%-25% per season for all participants in high school football or hockey, 8,14,23,49 2% per season for basketball, 15 and 1% per season for baseball. 34 As expected, we found a higher concussion incidence in contact sports compared with noncontact sports.…”

Section: 29mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sports participation with Chiari I malformation

Strahle

Geh

Selzer

et al. 2016

PED

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OBJECT There is currently no consensus on the safety of sports participation for patients with Chiari I malformation (CM-I). The authors' goal was to define the risk of sports participation for children with the imaging finding of CM-I. METHODS A prospective survey was administered to 503 CM-I patients at 2 sites over a 46-month period. Data were gathered on imaging characteristics, treatment, sports participation, and any sport-related injuries. Additionally, 81 patients completed at least 1 subsequent survey following their initial entry into the registry and were included in a prospective group, with a mean prospective follow-up period of 11 months. RESULTS Of the 503 CM-I patients, 328 participated in sports for a cumulative duration of 4641 seasons; 205 of these patients participated in contact sports. There were no serious or catastrophic neurological injuries. One patient had temporary extremity paresthesias that resolved within hours, and this was not definitely considered to be related to the CM-I. In the prospective cohort, there were no permanent neurological injuries. CONCLUSIONS No permanent or catastrophic neurological injuries were observed in CM-I patients participating in athletic activities. The authors believe that the risk of such injuries is low and that, in most cases, sports participation by children with CM-I is safe.

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“…This sequence of events is consistent with "second-impact syndrome." [34][35][36][37][38][39] These athletes were 14 to 18 years of age, and all competed at the high school level; 9 were white, 5 black, and 3 Hispanic.…”

Section: Consequences Of Concussionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…13,[34][35][36][37][38][39]41,42 In this regard, our data included a subset of 17 high school football players with death because of cerebral edema and brain herniation or subdural hematoma, in whom there was a recent history of concussion, after which symptoms such as headache, dizziness, or memory loss persisted (comprising 12% of all football-related deaths due to head injury). In some cases, these athletes were cleared for competition despite residual symptoms from their previous head injury.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of Sudden Death in Young, Competitive Athletes Due to Blunt Trauma

et al. 2011

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WHAT'S KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT:Fatalities caused by blunt trauma are known to occur in children and adolescents in a variety of circumstances, including while engaged in competitive in sports. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS:This unique national database provides a prevalence for trauma-related catastrophes in children, adolescents, and young adults aged 21 or younger; establishes the epidemiology of events for which football conveys highest risk; and provides visibility to underrecognized mortality risks associated with "second-impact syndrome." abstract BACKGROUND: Sudden deaths of young competitive athletes are highly visible events that have a substantial effect on families and communities. Recent attention has focused predominantly on cardiovascular causes, and less on traumatic organ damage. OBJECTIVE:To define the clinical profile, epidemiology, and frequency of trauma-related deaths in young US athletes. METHODS:We analyzed the 30-year US National Registry of Sudden Death in Young Athletes (1980 -2009) by using systematic identification and tracking strategies. RESULTS:Of 1827 deaths of athletes aged 21 years or younger, 261 (14%) were caused by trauma-related injuries, usually involving the head and/or neck (mean: 16 Ϯ 2 years; 90% male) in 22 sports. The highest number of events in a single year was 16 (1986), with an average of 9 per year throughout 30 years. The mortality rate was 0.11 in 100 000 participations (95% confidence interval: 0.08 -0.15). The largest number of deaths was in football (148 [57%]), including 17 high school athletes who sustained concussions shortly before fatal head trauma ("second-impact syndrome"). Football deaths were more frequent in defensive players, although the single most common position involved was running back (61% of offensive players). CONCLUSIONS:In a large community-based national registry, sudden deaths caused by blunt trauma in young athletes aged 21 years or younger were relatively uncommon with 16 or fewer per year, about fourfold less than cardiovascular deaths. These fatalities were most frequent in football, and an important proportion of deaths after head blows in high school football were associated with a recent history of symptomatic concussion. Pediatrics 2011;128:e1-e8 AUTHORS:

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Concussion incidences and severity in secondary school varsity football players.

Cited by 263 publications

References 21 publications

A prospective study of physician-observed concussions during junior ice hockey: implications for incidence rates

A prospective study of physician-observed concussions during junior ice hockey: implications for incidence rates

Sports participation with Chiari I malformation

Epidemiology of Sudden Death in Young, Competitive Athletes Due to Blunt Trauma

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