“…Furthermore, a multitude of recent studies have delved into various applications involving BESO, including the integration of LSM with BESO [105], the implementation of BESO with cast constraints [55], and BESO with Additive Manufacturing constraints [106,107,108]. Exploration of multi-scale optimisation with BESO has been undertaken [109,110,111], along with investigations into buckling in TO [112], considerations of fatigue in design [113], analyses of nonlinear structures under dynamic loads [114], examinations of nonlinear reliability in TO [115], exploration of crash-worthiness in TO using BESO [116], and optimisation of frequency [117,118].…”