“…Uncertain information [ 1 ] plays a significant role in many engineering applications, including multi-attribute decision-making [ 2 , 3 , 4 ], fault diagnosis [ 5 , 6 , 7 ], image processing [ 8 , 9 ], knowledge inference [ 10 , 11 ], risk assessment [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ], and pattern classification [ 16 , 17 ]. Recent studies have focused on how to measure and handle information uncertainty, and a series of theories have been introduced, such as modeling information uncertainty based on the entropy function [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ] and using Dempster–Shafer (DS) evidence theory [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ] to deal with uncertain information.…”