“…Considerable research shows that it is this overarching factor that confers the greatest risks, as youth with the highest overall psychopathy scores tend exhibit the most severe and violent forms of delinquent behavior (Lynam, Miller, Vachon, Loeber, & Stouthamer-Loeber, 2009), the worst treatment outcomes (Spain, Douglas, Poythress, & Epstein, 2004), and are at increased risk for displaying psychopathic personality features into adulthood . Recently, several studies have provided evidence indicating that bifactor models, which posit that items on a measure are simultaneously influenced by general (e.g., psychopathy) and specific factors (e.g., callousness, impulsivity), can be useful for integrating distinct features of psychopathy into a basic structural model (e.g., Dotterer et al, 2017;Hawes, Mulvey, Schubert, & Pardini, 2014;Patrick, Hicks, Nichol, & Krueger, 2007;Waller, McCabe, Dotterer, Neumann, & Hyde, 2017). In particular, this approach can help to reconcile findings that show dimensions of psychopathy to be strongly influenced by genetic factors, while also exhibiting unique associations with theoretically meaningful constructs, such as negative emotionality (Bezdjian, Raine, Baker, & Lynam, 2011;Forsman, Lichtenstein, Andershed, & Larsson, 2008).…”