Conclusion: Populism and Twenty-First Century Western European Democracy

Exclusionary vs. Inclusionary Populism: Comparing Contemporary Europe and Latin America

“…4 For instance, a well-known specialist on US populism defines the latter as 'a language whose speakers conceive of ordinary people as a noble assemblage not bounded narrowly by class, view their elite opponents as self-serving and undemocratic, and seek to mobilize the former against the latter' (Kazin 1995: 1). A similar concept can be found in a recent book (Albertazzi and McDonnell 2008: 3) on contemporary populism in Western Europe, in which populism is defined as 'an ideology which pits a virtuous and homogenous people against a set of elites and dangerous ''others'' who are together depicted as depriving (or attempting to deprive) the sovereign people of their rights, values, prosperity, identity and voice'. Finally, an ideological definition of Latin American populism has been proposed by de la Torre (2010: 199), who understands populism as a political phenomenon characterized by a 'Manichean discourse that presents the struggle between the people and the oligarchy as a moral and ethical fight between good and evil, redemption and downfall'.…”

Populist Communication and Publicity: An Empirical Study of Contextual Differences in Switzerland

“…Numerous studies provide sound theoretical arguments and empirical evidence documenting the prevalence and spread of populism (e.g. Albertazzi and McDonnell, 2008b; Albertazzi, 2009; De Raadt et al, 2004; Mudde, 2004; Taggart, 2000). More recent studies examine the unexpected success of populist parties in governmental coalitions (e.g.…”

Co-opting religion: how ruling populists in Turkey and Macedonia sacralise the majority

“…Although populism has been subject to conceptual stretching and misuse in the media and political discourse, scholarly literature concisely defines the core aspects of populism as: (i) the dichotomy between 'us' ('the people') and 'the corrupted and self-interested elites'; (ii) the moral valorisation of 'the people' and the people's sovereignty; and (iii) the exclusive claim to the representation of 'the people' (Albertazzi and McDonnell 2008;Müller 2016;Mudde and Kaltwasser 2017). Accordingly, populism claims that there is an endless antagonism between the people and the elites who are allegedly alienated from the people's culture and values.…”