Conclusion

Beyond the Game Itself: Understanding Authorial Intent, Player Agency, and Materiality as Degrees of Paratextuality

“…Authorship and authorial intent are complex notions for video games. Genette (1991 [1987]; 1997b [1987], p. 2, 5) connects the concept of authorship to ideas of authority over the text, particularly when considering the official status of paratextual material surrounding it. Rockenberger makes a vital distinction when determining the functions of video game paratexts: instead of using the term authority , she speaks of authorization , which is the author's consent to release the text “into the wild” (Rockenberger, 2016, pp.…”

“…This is reminiscent of Gracia's proposition of an idea of text not restricted to any medium by defining it as “a group of entities, used as signs, which are selected, arranged, and intended by an author in a certain context to convey some specific meaning to an audience” (Gracia, 1995, p. 4). As such, this text forms relationships with other elements, either situated in close proximity to it or further away from it, termed paratexts by Genette (1991 [1987], 1997a [1982], 1997b [1987]). Paratextual elements are manifold in form and function as well as in the relationship they establish with a text, but connected in that they make the text itself visible to an audience and position it in a sociohistorical context.…”

“…Barker and Švelch take a step back and ground their approaches in Genette's plea to avoid “rashly proclaiming that ‘all is paratext’” (Genette, 1997b [1987], p. 407) and propose redefinitions of the term that counter its previous proliferation while simultaneously considering the use of the term in relation to texts that differ significantly from Genette's codex book medium. The approach Barker and Švelch share is their move away from seeing paratext as a textual category or genre , and both prefer a terminology that indicates a textual quality instead.…”

A text mining study of topics and trends in health care management journals: 1998–2018

“…Genette and Macksey (1997) developed the concept of paratext and paratextual theory. A paratext is a type of relationship between literary texts, which can be viewed as a textual element that links to a main body of work that can either encourage the reader to continue on or to discard the literary work (Skare, 2019).…”

“…A paratext is a type of relationship between literary texts, which can be viewed as a textual element that links to a main body of work that can either encourage the reader to continue on or to discard the literary work (Skare, 2019). Abstracts can be thought of as paratexts as they are liminal devices that sit at the interface between the inside and outside of a book or article, allowing for a reception of the article to the world; thus, they are commonly used by journals and authors to introduce and frame an article (Genette & Macksey, 1997). For this study, we related paratext conceptually to the context of text mining journal article abstracts.…”