Concise Review: Bridging the Gap: Bone Regeneration Using Skeletal Stem Cell-Based Strategies—Where Are We Now?

Abstract

Skeletal stem cells confer to bone its innate capacity for regeneration and repair. Bone regeneration strategies seek to harness and enhance this regenerative capacity for the replacement of tissue damaged or lost through congenital defects, trauma, functional/esthetic problems, and a broad range of diseases associated with an increasingly aged population. This review describes the state of the field and current steps to translate and apply skeletal stem cell biology in the clinic and the problems therein. Challenges are described along with key strategies including the isolation and ex vivo expansion of multipotential populations, the targeting/delivery of regenerative populations to sites of repair, and their differentiation toward bone lineages. Finally, preclinical models of bone repair are discussed along with their implications for clinical translation and the opportunities to harness that knowledge for musculoskeletal regeneration.

Skeletal stem cell and bone implant interactions are enhanced by LASER titanium modification

“…In contrast, cells cultured on LASER Ti discs displayed enhanced adherence to the modified surface, indicating the potential for modified cellular activity or tissue responses leading to greater osteogenesis [3].…”

“…Bone tissue engineering seeks to address the unmet need for new tissues lost as a consequence of disease, trauma or ageing, using a raft of interdisciplinary approaches including developmental biology, materials science, stem cells and bioengineering. Typically, the approach is to harness the therapeutic potential of stem cells together with an appropriate biomaterial [2,3]. Ti has long been the gold standard for orthopaedic given the excellent biocompatibility, low corrosion, wear resistance and to promote osseointegration at the bone-implant interface [4].…”

Tissue engineered bone using select growth factors: A comprehensive review of animal studies and clinical translation studies in man

“…Other factors and compounds used in combination with rhBMP-2, whether directly or indirectly, included BMP binding protein (BBP) , erythropoietin (Sun et al, 2012a), FGF (Springer et al, 2008), α4-integrin (Kumar et al, 2010a), Runx2 , TGF-β2 (Thorey et al, 2011), tobramycin (Glatt et al, 2009) and zoledronic acid (Doi et al, 2011;Schindeler et al, 2011). A number of studies have incorporated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) (Hou et al, 2007;) providing a healthy inducible cell source within the defect site (Dawson et al, 2014). Taken together these studies demonstrated between 1.1 and 4 fold (Hou et al, 2007;Thorey et al, 2011) increased bone formation and defect regeneration (Supplement 1).…”

Autologous serum improves bone formation in a primary stable silica-embedded nanohydroxyapatite bone substitute in combination with mesenchymal stem cells and rhBMP-2 in the sheep model

“…Tissue engineering came into the focus of researchers many years ago for the improvement of treatment concepts and also for studying cellular interactions. 1,2 In the interdisciplinary field of bone tissue engineering, a large number of studies 3,4 were published on restoring a defect with the aid of biomaterials, cells, and signal molecules.…”