Concern as revived 1918 flu virus kills monkeys

Smith, Kerri

doi:10.1038/445237a

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…1 C and D). Furthermore, as found by others (3,5,(10)(11)(12)(13)(14), proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine levels were relatively elevated in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) supernatant from mice given the HP virus (Fig. S3).…”

Section: Innate Cell Recruitment During Hp and Sublethal Influenza Inmentioning

confidence: 49%

“…The idea that fatal respiratory compromise results from a dysregulated immune response, commonly referred to as a cytokine storm or hypercytokinemia, is supported by an expanding body of in vitro and in vivo evidence showing greatly elevated levels of proinflammatory mediators in the pneumonic lung (3,5,(10)(11)(12)(13)(14). Here, we show that a subset of dendritic cells (DCs), described as TNF-␣/inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-producing DCs (tipDCs) (15), accumulate in significantly greater numbers during the course of lethal (versus sublethal) influenza infections (Fig.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In any given year, the familiar ''seasonal'' influenza epidemic can be associated with Ͼ35,000 deaths in the United States alone (1), whereas the 1918 ''Spanish flu'' resulted in the deaths of Ն40 million people worldwide (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7). With a global death rate exceeding 2.5%, the 1918 Spanish flu was the worst acute pandemic of modern times (8).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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TNF/iNOS-producing dendritic cells are the necessary evil of lethal influenza virus infection

Aldridge

Moseley²,

Boltz³

et al. 2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

379

421

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Respiratory infection with highly pathogenic influenza A viruses is characterized by the exuberant production of cytokines and chemokines and the enhanced recruitment of innate inflammatory cells. Here, we show that challenging mice with virulent influenza A viruses, including currently circulating H5N1 strains, causes the increased selective accumulation of a particular dendritic cell subset, the tipDCs, in the pneumonic airways. These tipDCs are required for the further proliferation of influenza-specific CD8 ؉ T cells in the infected lung, because blocking their recruitment in CCR2 ؊/؊ mice decreases the numbers of CD8 ؉ effectors and ultimately compromises virus clearance. However, diminution rather than total elimination of tipDC trafficking by treatment with the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-␥ agonist pioglitazone moderates the potentially lethal consequences of excessive tipDC recruitment without abrogating CD8 ؉ T cell expansion or compromising virus control. Targeting the tipDCs in this way thus offers possibilities for therapeutic intervention in the face of a catastrophic pandemic.H5N1 ͉ inflammation ͉ pathogenesis

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Section: Innate Cell Recruitment During Hp and Sublethal Influenza Inmentioning

confidence: 49%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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TNF/iNOS-producing dendritic cells are the necessary evil of lethal influenza virus infection

Aldridge

Moseley²,

Boltz³

et al. 2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

379

421

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…A 2002 estimate put deaths at around fifty million, with an upper limit as high as a hundred million deaths [23]. More recent estimates tend to fall in this broad range, with 40–50 million deaths being most commonly reported [2,13,22,26,27]. Most of these deaths occurred over a four-month period in the autumn of 1918 [28].…”

Section: 1918–1920: Spanish Flumentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The pandemic strain differed from seasonal epidemics in terms of its disproportionate burden among young people, particularly previously healthy individuals between 18 and 40 years of age [13,22,23]. While the reasons for this are poorly understood, one possible explanation relates to the role of infection in turning the immune system against itself, triggering a dangerous and potentially deadly cytokine storm [27]. Consequently, those with the most robust immune systems may have been at greatest risk.…”

Section: 1918–1920: Spanish Flumentioning

confidence: 99%

Reviewing the History of Pandemic Influenza: Understanding Patterns of Emergence and Transmission

2016

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For centuries, novel strains of influenza have emerged to produce human pandemics, causing widespread illness, death, and disruption. There have been four influenza pandemics in the past hundred years. During this time, globalization processes, alongside advances in medicine and epidemiology, have altered the way these pandemics are experienced. Drawing on international case studies, this paper provides a review of the impact of past influenza pandemics, while examining the evolution of our understanding of, and response to, these viruses. This review argues that pandemic influenza is in part a consequence of human development, and highlights the importance of considering outbreaks within the context of shifting global landscapes. While progress in infectious disease prevention, control, and treatment has improved our ability to respond to such outbreaks, globalization processes relating to human behaviour, demographics, and mobility have increased the threat of pandemic emergence and accelerated global disease transmission. Preparedness planning must continue to evolve to keep pace with this heightened risk. Herein, we look to the past for insights on the pandemic experience, underlining both progress and persisting challenges. However, given the uncertain timing and severity of future pandemics, we emphasize the need for flexible policies capable of responding to change as such emergencies develop.

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‘Ravages of Influenza’: The Human Cost of Influenza in Ireland

Marsh

2021

Palgrave Studies in Economic History

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Concern as revived 1918 flu virus kills monkeys

Cited by 6 publications

References 3 publications

TNF/iNOS-producing dendritic cells are the necessary evil of lethal influenza virus infection

TNF/iNOS-producing dendritic cells are the necessary evil of lethal influenza virus infection

Reviewing the History of Pandemic Influenza: Understanding Patterns of Emergence and Transmission

‘Ravages of Influenza’: The Human Cost of Influenza in Ireland

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