“…We also distinguish forms of direct and indirect participation (Dibben et al, 2022;Llorens-Serrano et al, 2022;Child, 2021;Ben Rehouma, 2020;Baran & Sypniewska, 2020;Kandathil & Joseph, 2019). A direct form of participation is the participation of front-line employees, taking the floor and making decisions (Grieco & Bripi, 2022;Nawakitphaitoon & Zhang, 2021;Dibben et al, 2022;Appelbaum et al, 2001), also through actions in informal, short-lived groups or formalised, autonomous work teams (Grieco & Bripi, 2022;Ben Rehouma, 2020;Marchington, 2009;Markey & Hodgkinson, 2003), in quality circles, as well as in individual consultations with employees, direct (face to face consultation) or indirect (arm's length consultation). An especially important form of direct participation is authorisation delegating, usually divided into delegation to teams and delegation to individual employees (Child, 2021;Skorupińska, 2013).…”