Conceptual Review and the Production, Consumption and Price Models of the Natural Rubber Industry in Selected ASEAN Countries and World Market

Abstract

Natural rubber (NR) is one of the crucial commodities in the world and also extensively used in many applications and products. The objectives of the study are to develop the conceptual review and to analyze the production, consumption and price models of the NR in selected ASEAN countries and world market. The production model is the function of the NR price for five selected ASEAN countries such as Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam and Myanmar. The consumption model is the function of the domestic NR price and domestic stock of the four largest rubber consuming countries which are China, India Japan and USA. The world NR price model (Singapore SICOM price) involves the factors such as NR production, NR consumption, real exchange rate, and crude oil price. Panel data analysis was performed for the NR production and consumption models by using annual data from year 1997 to 2017; and Vector Error Correction Method (VECM), cointegration test and Granger Causality test were analyzed on the world NR price model using monthly data from January 2008 to December 2017. Lastly, a contribution of this study would be the interest of policymakers for policy implication of the businesses and manufacturing industries that are closely related to rubber. Contribution/ Originality:This study is one of very few studies which have investigated the natural rubber production and consumption models by using Panel Data Analysis which includes five major producers and four major consumers together with SICOM price model (latest data from International Rubber Study Group) of natural rubber industry in the world market.

Economics of production and marketing of natural rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) in Jhapa, Nepal

“…There was a decreasing trend in the price up to 2017. There was a dramatic fluctuation in the price of rubber sheet in 2017 due to the high import of Indonesian rubber in very low price but the price fluctuation in other countries such as India, China, Japan and USA depends on their production unlike Nepal (Fong et al, 2018). There is little price fluctuation in the year 2018 and 2019 ( Figure 2).…”

Enhancement of the Antibacterial Activity of Natural Rubber Latex Foam by Blending It with Chitin

“…NRLF, widely used as bedding, is one of the economic mainstays of Southeast Asian countries [13]. However, NRLF is easily attacked by ultraviolet light due to its unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds [14].…”

Energy conversion from wastewater sewage sludge

“…The degradation of the quality of the environmental systems has been increasing simultaneously with increasing industrial revolution and socioeconomic development in many countries, 4 particularly in Thailand 5 . With the growing population, accompanied by industrial development and expansion of the city area, the volume of sludge from industrial and municipal wastes is increasing tremendously, 6 which is posing adverse and profound environmental impacts 7 .…”

“…Most of the NR‐based factories in Southern Thailand release effluents and CLS that contain a high level of HMs to a nearby natural system leading to environmental concern. Hence, CLS is of great significance due to a large amount of it will be generated and consumed in Southern Thailand and other NR planting countries in the next several decades 5 …”

“…The large quantity of CLS generated by major countries (e.g., Thailand, Malaysia) has shown significant annual growth because of the processes of urbanization and industrialization. Due to such kind of dumping of produced CLS, a great number of population nearby latex manufacturing areas are being greatly endangered 5 . Because, usually CLS is a complex material and comprised with heterogeneous both (in) organic constituents and contain high concentrations of potentially toxic HMs, salts, pathogens, persistent organic substances, suspended solids, ammonia, and nitrogen compounds, and sulfate, those it inherits from a variety of sources, may pose a contamination risk to soils, vegetables and crops, aquatic systems and water (re)sources, and possible health hazards 14 .…”