Conceptual Principles of the Development of Criminalistics and Forensic Sciences

Abstract

Traditionally, Forensic Sciences and Criminalistics are considered to be kindred sciences which are supposed to discover the truth in legal proceedings by developing the methods of research and evidence assessment. Criminalistics and Forensic Sciences are a reflection of different periods of the formation of science, which was developing in different schools and, accordingly, scientific areas with the use of legal, technical, tactical and methodological capabilities that were in the arsenal of its best representatives. In general, criminalistic research in different countries is carried out depending on the variability of legal and scientific-technical factors that affect its form and content. At the same time, it should be noted there had been different schools and approaches, what enabled the formation of two criminalistic sciences in different parts of the world “Criminalistics” and “Forensic Sciences”.
 Criminalistcs is traditionally a “mother” science for both “Forensic Examination” and “Forensic Sciences” in general, because its initiated methodology (subject, system, methods) is primary for these sciences. The subject of Forensic Ezamination is inseparable from Criminalistics, as it allows creation and usage of methods developed through the application of rules and algorithms that had been developed by Criminalistics. The use of criminalistc tactics allows shaping the position of a forensic expert in court. Some types of forensic examinations are called criminalistic. Instead Forensic Sciences offer guidance and technology that forensic experts rely on. At the same time, Forensic Sciences take care of the formation of the testimony of forensic experts in court. It is also important for forensic scientists to give credit to Criminalistics for traditional approaches to the theory of identification, conduct, individualization and assessment of physical evidence.
 The conducted research made it possible to stress not only the possibility of situational synonymous use of “Criminalistics” and “Forensic Sciences”, as well as “Forensic Examination” and “Forensic Sciences”, but also to indicate that the mentioned sciences continue rapprochement and exchange, and this is enhanced by scientific and technological progress and globalization of the world. A significant role in this process play non-governmental and non-profit organizations of criminalistic, forensic research and forensic purposes, which conduct joint activities, develop and provide methods, declare certain inventions and specifics of the use of certain technical means for research purposes.

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“…Independent peer review (accreditation) ensures compliance with the quality management system that follows International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) standards, and regulatory oversight should not be optional. This independent review and oversight ensure that all privacy, data integrity, data sharing, data use for its intended purpose, access, and security issues are adequately addressed when BI solutions are implemented [37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49].…”

“…Forensic laboratories can assess the performance of bioinformatic tools by comparing them to reference datasets, standards, and proficiency testing samples [37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49]. BI helps evaluate sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, precision, and computing efficiency.…”

“…BI helps evaluate sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, precision, and computing efficiency. The reliability and reproducibility of bioinformatic studies in forensic contexts are ensured through the implementation of quality control methods, validation protocols, and adherence to international standards such as ISO/IEC 17025 [37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49].…”

Collection of Evidence of War Crimes by Forensic Methods

“…Zhuravel, V.O. Konovalova [3], became the national ideological inspiration for the article. The issues of investigating war crimes were covered in the works of Y. Sandoz, M. Bassiouni [5], G. Werle [6].…”