Conceptual model for assessment of dermal exposure.

Schneider, Thomas; Vermeulen, Roel; Brouwer, D.H.; Cherrie, John W.; Kromhout, Hans; Fogh, C.L.

doi:10.1136/oem.56.11.765

Cited by 184 publications

(110 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Key items of the DREAM exposure evaluations are assessment of probability and intensity of three dermal exposure routes as defined by Schneider et al (1999): emission, deposition and transfer. Emission is defined as dermal exposure occurring directly from the source of exposure, transfer as exposure due to contact with contaminated surfaces, and deposition as exposure through skin contact with small particles present in the air compartment.…”

Section: Dermal Exposure Assessment Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Exposure profiles of pesticides among greenhouse workers: implications for epidemiological studies

Tielemans

Bretveld

Schinkel

et al. 2007

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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The aim of this study was to assess exposure to pesticides for a longitudinal epidemiological study on adverse reproduction effects among greenhouse workers. Detailed information on pesticide use among greenhouse workers was obtained on a monthly basis through self-administered questionnaires and subsequent workplace surveys. Questionnaires were filled in for a whole year. Dermal exposure rankings were developed for each task using the observational method Dermal Exposure Assessment Method (DREAM). Exposure scores were calculated for each worker for each month during the year, taking into account frequency, duration and exposure intensity for each task. A total number of 116 different active ingredients were used in the population, whereas a mean number of 15 active ingredients were applied per greenhouse. DREAM observations provided insight into the exposure intensity of 12 application techniques and three mixing and loading activities. Relatively high DREAM scores were obtained for scattering, fogging, dusting, and mixing and loading of powders. Observations with DREAM indicated that application with a horizontal ground-boom, motor driven boom, and bulb shower resulted in low dermal exposure. Exposure scores showed substantial variation between workers and over the year. It can be concluded that exposure variation between-and within greenhouses is very large, both in terms of chemical composition and exposure intensity. This may be a significant contributor to the inconsistent results of studies evaluating health effects of pesticide exposure.

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Section: Dermal Exposure Assessment Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The second hygienist received a short introduction to DREAM and the conceptual model of Schneider et al (1999). She was further familiarized with the method during five workplace surveys under supervision of the experienced hygienist.…”

Section: Dermal Exposure Assessment Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure profiles of pesticides among greenhouse workers: implications for epidemiological studies

Tielemans

Bretveld

Schinkel

et al. 2007

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The most important exposure routes are emission, transfer, and deposition, resulting in exposure on the outer clothing and skin. Schneider et al (1999) defined emission as dermal exposure occurring directly from the source of exposure, transfer as exposure due to contact with contaminated surfaces, and deposition as exposure through skin contact with small particles present in the air compartment.…”

Section: Dreammentioning

confidence: 99%

Reliability of a semi-quantitative method for dermal exposure assessment (DREAM)

Joode

Hemmen²,

Meijster

et al. 2004

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Valid and reliable semi-quantitative dermal exposure assessment methods for epidemiological research and for occupational hygiene practice, applicable for different chemical agents, are practically nonexistent. The aim of this study was to assess the reliability of a recently developed semi-quantitative dermal exposure assessment method (DREAM) by (i) studying inter-observer agreement, (ii) assessing the effect of individual observers on dermal exposure estimates for different tasks, and (iii) comparing inter-observer agreement for ranking of body parts according to their exposure level. Four studies were performed in which a total of 29 observers (mainly occupational hygienists) were asked to fill in DREAM while performing side-by-side observations for different tasks, comprising dermal exposures to liquids, solids, and vapors. Intra-class correlation coefficients ranged from 0.68 to 0.87 for total dermal exposure estimates, indicating good to excellent inter-observer agreement. The effects of individual observers on task estimates were estimated using a linear mixed effect model with logged DREAM estimates as explanatory variable; ''task'', ''company/department'', and the interaction of ''task'' and ''company/department'' as fixed effects; and ''observer'' as a random effect. Geometric mean (GM) dermal exposure estimates for different tasks were estimated by taking the exponent of the predicted betas for the tasks. By taking the exponent of the predicted observer's intercept (exp oi ), a multiplier (M O ) was estimated for each observer. The effects of individual observers on task estimates were relatively small, as the maximum predicted mean observers' multiplier was only a factor 2, while predicted GMs of dermal exposure estimates for tasks ranged from 0 to 1226, and none of the predicted individual observers' multipliers differed significantly from 1 (t-test a ¼ 0.05). Inter-observer agreement for ranking of dermal exposure of nine body parts was moderate to good, as median values of Spearman correlation coefficients for pairs of observers ranged from 0.29 to 0.93. DREAM provides reproducible results for a broad range of tasks with dermal exposures to liquids, solids, as well as vapors. DREAM appears to offer a useful advance for estimations of dermal exposure both for epidemiological research and for occupational hygiene practice.

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“…Human exposure to pesticides occurs via three main pathways: inhalation, ingestion and dermal contact [28,29]. Of these three, dermal exposure is the most complex one and there is still no consensus about the most appropriate way to evaluate it [28,29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of models for dermal exposure assessment in farming systems in developing countries

Fabian¹,

Teubl²,

Binder³

2014

J Environ Eng Ecol Sci

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Dermal Exposure Assessment is a crucial aspect within the risk assessment of pesticide use as it may lead to the development and improvement of measures to reduce the health risk of pesticides users. Even though, tools for dermal exposure assessment are available, their implementation in developing countries is problematic as they are designed under working conditions in industrialized countries and most of them are not specifically focused on processes like pesticide management. This paper evaluates dermal exposure models finding out the most appropriate ones to assess dermal exposure of pesticide use in farming systems in developing countries. Seven models (i.e. COSHH, DERM, DREAM, EASE, PHED, RISKOFDERM and STOFFENMANAGER) were evaluated according to a multi-criteria analysis and four models (i.e. DERM, DREAM, PHED and RISKOFDERM) were selected for the assessment of dermal exposure in the case study of potato farming systems in Vereda La Hoya in the highlands in Colombia. The model estimations were compared with dermal exposure measurements made in the study area. The results show that the four models provide different dermal exposure estimations which are not comparable. Because of the simplicity of the algorithms and the specificity of the determinants, the models DERM and DREAM were found to be the most appropriate ones. In addition, it was found that model outcomes would be more accurate in the assessment if determinants like climate conditions, cleaning of the equipment, task duration, personal protective equipment and hygiene habits are included in the models. When comparing the final model assessment of dermal exposure in the study area, DREAM was found as the model that assesses more appropriately dermal exposure because of the qualitative assessment and the type of determinants included in the model.

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Conceptual model for assessment of dermal exposure.

Cited by 184 publications

References 36 publications

Exposure profiles of pesticides among greenhouse workers: implications for epidemiological studies

Exposure profiles of pesticides among greenhouse workers: implications for epidemiological studies

Reliability of a semi-quantitative method for dermal exposure assessment (DREAM)

Evaluation of models for dermal exposure assessment in farming systems in developing countries

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