Concepts and terminology of apical dominance

Cline, Morris G.

doi:10.2307/2446149

Cited by 265 publications

(209 citation statements)

References 34 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

189

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Brown 1974;Shimizu-Sato and Mori 2001). It is envisaged that in a tree, active apical meristem releases auxin that inhibits the growth of lateral buds (apical dominance) so when the apex is removed (by flowering or pruning), the apical dominance stops and lateral buds awake (Brown 1974;Cline 1997)…”

Section: Modularity and The Tree Architecture Of The Dragon Treementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reiteration may also occur by means of growing massive aerial roots. They grow in response to trauma and environmental stress turning large, multi-modular units with a few sets of branches into new clones (Krawczyszyn and Krawczyszyn 2014), that is hard to explain in terms of apical dominance and auxin release, factors that play a role in reiteration of forest trees (Brown 1974;Cline 1997).…”

Section: Reiteration Also Involves Other Growth Hormones and Genetimentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Photomorphogenesis in Dracaena draco

Krawczyszyn¹,

Krawczyszyn²

2015

Trees

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Key message Sunlight is a key environmental factor in growth, flowering and shaping of the Dracaena draco tree. Unidirectional light deforms the tree and may cause it to tilt. Abstract Dracaena draco, a tree-like monocot, lives in cycles of vegetative growth and flowering. The cycles, as well as the tree growth form, are under genetic control. What controls their length has been unknown before. We propose that it is sunlight. Our trees of the same origin, growing for 20 years in the garden in varying sunlight conditions, started to flower when 9-12, 16 and 18-19 years old, for those growing in full sun, part shade and shade, respectively. In full sun, they grow shorter trunks than those in shade, catching overhead sun. Their branches also had shorter or longer growth and flowering cycles depending on sunlight availability. D. draco tree exhibited strong phototropic response and its crown was organized by the direction of growing tips. In full and in overhead sun, it had a regular form but asymmetrical in unidirectional, oblique sunlight. An asymmetrical crown and the absence of reaction wood may cause the D. draco tree tilting and progressive loss of balance.

show abstract

Section: Modularity and The Tree Architecture Of The Dragon Treementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Reiteration Also Involves Other Growth Hormones and Genetimentioning

confidence: 99%

Photomorphogenesis in Dracaena draco

Krawczyszyn¹,

Krawczyszyn²

2015

Trees

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Apical dominance is defined broadly as "the inhibitory control of the shoot apex over the outgrowth of lateral buds" (Cline, 1997;Napoli et al, 1999). Apical dominance acts as a plant survival mechanism by providing a reservoir of meristems that can replace the damaged primary shoot.…”

Section: Biological Functions Of Dormancy and Apical Dominancementioning

confidence: 99%

Control of Outgrowth and Dormancy in Axillary Buds

2001

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The shoot system has an important role in generating a large variety of diverse plant forms (Steeves and Sussex, 1989). The overall architecture of the shoot system is derived from the activity of the primary shoot apical meristem (SAM), arising during embryogenesis, together with the activity of the additional meristems subsequently formed after seed germination. The primary SAM provides the main axis of the plant body. Plant architecture is further modified by shoot branching that results from the activity of the additional meristems. The complexity of the branching pattern depends on the temporal and spatial development of these branches. These characteristics, although they are plastic in their response to environmental cues, are genetically determined. The developmental program that specifies branching patterns in different plant species is fundamentally important for generating species-specific plant forms.The shoot branching process generally involves two developmental stages: the formation of axillary meristems in the leaf axils and the growth of axillary buds. In many plant species, the growth of axillary meristems is inhibited by the primary shoot or primary inflorescence. This phenomenon is generally known as apical dominance. The plant hormones auxin and cytokinin are thought to have a major role in controlling this process (Phillips, 1975;Cline, 1994;Tamas, 1995;Napoli et al., 1999). Auxin has an inhibitory effect on the growth of axillary buds, whereas cytokinin promotes axillary bud outgrowth. The mechanisms of axillary bud outgrowth depend on the ratio of these two hormones rather than the absolute levels of either hormone.A variety of experimental approaches have been used to examine the mechanisms controlling dormancy and outgrowth of axillary buds. These range from physiological studies, such as measurement and exogenous application of plant hormones, to analyses of transgenic plants overexpressing hormone biosynthetic genes to alter endogenous hormone levels. Isolation and characterization of mutations that cause alterations in shoot branching patterns are powerful approaches. These molecular genetic approaches combined with the conventional physiological studies, such as grafting experiments, revealed that not only do auxin and cytokinin function to control the growth of axillary buds, but other factors and/or signals also have important roles. More recently, the genes expressed in dormant axillary buds were isolated and characterized.This review focuses on recent findings uncovered by physiological, genetic, and molecular studies and approaches to investigate the control of shoot branching, apical dominance, and dormancy in plants. DEVELOPMENT AND POTENTIAL OF AXILLARY MERISTEMS

show abstract

“…Interestingly, phosphate starvation in plants leads to a reduced number of shoot branches (Troughton 1977;Cline, 1997) and changes in the root system (Ló pez- Bucio et al, 2002;Al-Ghazi et al, 2003;Ma et al, 2003;Nacry et al, 2005;Sánchez-Calderó n et al, 2005). In Arabidopsis, it has been demonstrated that upon phosphate starvation, auxin activity in the root system is altered, leading to a drastic modification of the root morphology (Williamson et al, 2001;López-Bucio et al, 2002;Ma et al, 2003;Nacry et al, 2005;Sánchez-Calderó n et al, 2005).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Strigolactones Are Transported through the Xylem and Play a Key Role in Shoot Architectural Response to Phosphate Deficiency in Nonarbuscular Mycorrhizal Host Arabidopsis

et al. 2010

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The biosynthesis of the recently identified novel class of plant hormones, strigolactones, is up-regulated upon phosphate deficiency in many plant species. It is generally accepted that the evolutionary origin of strigolactone up-regulation is their function as a rhizosphere signal that stimulates hyphal branching of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. In this work, we demonstrate that this induction is conserved in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), although Arabidopsis is not a host for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. We demonstrate that the increase in strigolactone production contributes to the changes in shoot architecture observed in response to phosphate deficiency. Using high-performance liquid chromatography, column chromatography, and multiple reaction monitoring-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis, we identified two strigolactones (orobanchol and orobanchyl acetate) in Arabidopsis and have evidence of the presence of a third (5-deoxystrigol). We show that at least one of them (orobanchol) is strongly reduced in the putative strigolactone biosynthetic mutants more axillary growth1 (max1) and max4 but not in the signal transduction mutant max2. Orobanchol was also detected in xylem sap and up-regulated under phosphate deficiency, which is consistent with the idea that root-derived strigolactones are transported to the shoot, where they regulate branching. Moreover, two additional putative strigolactone-like compounds were detected in xylem sap, one of which was not detected in root exudates. Together, these results show that xylem-transported strigolactones contribute to the regulation of shoot architectural response to phosphate-limiting conditions.

show abstract

Concepts and terminology of apical dominance

Cited by 265 publications

References 34 publications

Photomorphogenesis in Dracaena draco

Photomorphogenesis in Dracaena draco

Control of Outgrowth and Dormancy in Axillary Buds

Strigolactones Are Transported through the Xylem and Play a Key Role in Shoot Architectural Response to Phosphate Deficiency in Nonarbuscular Mycorrhizal Host Arabidopsis

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About