Concept and Design Optimization of a Novel Ammonia-Based System for Food-Energy-Water Sustainability

Ammonia Production Technologies

“…At ammonia synthesis scales down to 5 t NH3 /d, losses in high-pressure synthesis processes are primarily due to scale effects. At very small scales (<0.1 t NH3 /d), heat is even required to keep the ammonia synthesis reactor at the synthesis temperature due to radial heat losses, and hydrogen and nitrogen production also becomes less efficient [147,154,155]. Thus, milder operating conditions in the synthesis loop are required for effective scale-down.…”

“…This technology utilizes an absorbent or adsorbent to remove ammonia more completely from the hydrogen and nitrogen than by condensation (see Table 4.7). This allows for the operation of the synthesis loop at lower pressures, less temperature swing within the synthesis loop, as well as less feed compression [46,152,154,155,219]. Combining non-conventional heterogeneous catalysts Based on [46,225,232e234].…”

“…Furthermore, the catalysts are generally more active at the low ammonia concentrations in the absorbent-or adsorbentenhanced ammonia synthesis loop than at the high ammonia concentrations in the conventional ammonia synthesis loop [126,223]. The resulting energy consumption of a small-scale absorbent-or adsorbentenhanced HabereBosch process is lower than that of a small-scale, high-pressure Haber-Bosch process [46,152,154,224,225].…”

Optimal Design of Sustainable Ammonia-Based Food–Energy–Water Systems with Nitrogen Management

“…We consider the design of a local sustainable ammonia-based integrated process and agricultural system, which extends the previous work from Palys et al To that end, we construct a process–resource network superstructure, as shown in Figure , which depicts all structural design decisions involved in the problem. The proposed network consists of process nodes (rectangles) and resource nodes (ovals).…”

“…All process capacities and cost data, except for the ones with special notes, are adapted from Palys et al and provided in the Supporting Information, which is available online. This case study is based on weather data from the University of Minnesota West Central Research and Outreach Center (WCROC) for the year 2016.…”