Concentrations, Profiles, and Health Risks of Organic Ultraviolet Filters in Eight Food Categories Determined through the Sixth Chinese Total Diet Study

Percutaneous Penetration and Dermal Exposure Risk Assessment of UV Absorbents in Sunscreens and Isolation Cosmetics

“…Factors such as increased usage during periods of intense UV radiation, outdoor activities, water sports, etc., may contribute to higher actual exposure levels. Moreover, dermal exposure to various UV congeners was 3–5 orders of magnitude higher than the reported dietary exposure and 1–3 orders of magnitude higher than the reported exposure in breast milk. , However, it is crucial to acknowledge that the exposure risks from breast milk might be underestimated due to the omission of metabolic transformation considerations. In contrast, this study accounted for UVs metabolic transformations and conversions during percutaneous penetration in the assessment of D derm .…”

“…Previous studies have confirmed that certain congeners, such as UV-P, UV-327, and UV-328, can be metabolized by human cytochrome P450 enzymes . Notably, CYP3A4 has been reported to be responsible for the metabolism of UV-328, demonstrating its role in the metabolic activation of this compound .…”

“…The reference doses (RfDs) for the UVs were derived from the levels at which no adverse effects were observed as reported by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development; these values are presented in Table S9. ,, In the case of children aged 1–2 years, the mean D derm of UV-P was significantly lower than the RfD (5 × 10 3 ng/(kg bw day)). However, the 95th percentile D derm values of UV-P for sunscreen sprays (4.66 × 10 3 ng/(kg bw day)) and sunscreens (6.04 × 10 3 ng/(kg bw day)) closely approached or exceeded the RfD.…”