Concentrations of phthalate metabolites in Australian urine samples and their contribution to the per capita loads in wastewater

Wastewater-based epidemiology to assess human exposure to personal care and household products – A review of biomarkers, analytical methods, and applications

“…Biomarkers of the most prominent phthalates, including those already used in WBE studies [ [19] , [20] , [21] , [22] ], are given in Table 3 . It is noteworthy that rather different excretion profiles of some compounds, such as DPHP, were reported [ 68 , 69 ] and, in these cases, additional pharmacokinetic studies are also recommended.…”

“…So far, quantitative WBE studies for the assessment of human exposure to environmental contaminants included in this paper have been conducted only for phthalates [ [19] , [20] , [21] , [22] ], PFRs [ 8 , 23 , 24 ] and BPA [ 25 ]. All these studies used metabolites of the selected compounds as biomarkers of exposure, and most of them also investigated their stability in sewage, which is a key feature of potential WBE biomarkers.…”

“…Nowadays it is a well-established approach for the assessment of illicit drugs consumption and, more recently, it has been applied to estimate the consumption of some legal substances as well [ [11] , [12] , [13] ]. Recent studies also investigated the applicability of the WBE approach to assess human exposure to food and/or environmental contaminants, including pesticides [ [14] , [15] , [16] , [17] ], mycotoxins [ 18 ], phthalates [ [19] , [20] , [21] , [22] ], PFRs [ 8 , 23 , 24 ] and bisphenol A (BPA) [ 25 ]. Although first insights are rather promising, the full potential of WBE in this field has yet to be explored.…”

“…However, these papers did not focus exclusively on biomarkers of exposure to environmental contaminants and, therefore, did not systematically evaluate rather complex and scattered pharmacokinetic and HBM data to propose the most promising biomarker(s) for many potentially harmful environmental contaminants. Moreover, some pharmacokinetic [ [30] , [31] , [32] , [33] ] and WBE studies [ [19] , [20] , [21] , [22] , [23] , [24] , [25] , 34 ] relevant for this topic were published very recently.…”

Human Erythrocytes Exposed to Phthalates and Their Metabolites Alter Antioxidant Enzyme Activity and Hemoglobin Oxidation

“…In blood serum, DBP was found at a concentration of 0.77–12.50 ng/mL, and BBP at a concentration of 0.82–1.97 ng/mL [ 15 ]. DBP (0.25–269 μg/L) and MBzP (7.4–9.5 ng/mL) were determined in the urine of adults and children [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ]. DBP and BBP were detected at approx.…”