Concentrations of chemical elements in pheasant tissues / William L. Anderson, Peggy L. Stewart.

Abstract

The elemental constituents of biological material are of \ital concern to many disciplines of research, particularly physiology, nutrition, and medicine. It is common knowledge that certain inorganic ions must be available for plants and animals to grow, survive, and reproduce. Conversely, many ions are toxic when present in excessan axiom of primary concern to researchers in environmental pollution. The advent of the .Atomic Age. and the realization that all elements can be made radioactive, magnified the importance of ions in living material, especially in man. Chemical elements that occur in living material are commonly di\ided into two groups, major elements and trace elements, the line of demarcation being somewhat arbitrarily set at 0.01 percent of an organism (Schroeder 1965:217). or at roughly .S.OOO-1 0.000 ppm in tissue ash. However, as Schroeder points out. this distinction is not always applicable when high concentrations of trace elements occur in special cases. Some trace elementsthose having a physiological function for at least one organismare known to be essential, while othersthose for which no function has yet been discoveredare '"nonessential." Many of the "nonessential" ions accumulate in living organisms as the organisms increase in age. a phenomenon that has recently been associated with certain diseases in man (Schroeder 1965:225-226). This paper reports the concentrations of five major elements and 18 trace elements in selected body parts (blood, bones, fat, feathers, muscles, and internal organs) of 54 hen pheasants (Phasianiis cokhicus) collected from three areas in Illinois. The analyses were conducted during an investigation of the possible effects of inorganic ions on the distribution and abundance of pheasants in this midwestern state. Portions of the analyses, as well as analyses of soil, grit, and corn, have been published elsewhere under the title "Relationships between Inorganic Ions and the Distribution of Pheasants in Illinois" (Anderson & Stewart 1969). Because of their potential contribution to many areas of research, the analyses of the pheasants' body parts are presented in their entirety in this publication. So that comparisons of data may be made easilv, all tables follow the Literature Cited section. This paper is published by authority of the State of Illinois. IRS Ch. 127. Par. 58.12. William L, .\nderson is an Associate Wildlife Specialist.

Adaptive data assimilation including the effect of spatial variations in observation error

“…Each analysis field x a (t i , k) may require initialization. Other methods of generating ensemble methods can be employed to reduce the effects of inbreeding such as the covariance inflation method (Anderson and Anderson 1999) or the 'double ensemble' method (Houtekamer and Mitchell 1998). The number of ensemble members N required for useful estimates of the background-error covariance and the observationerror covariance may be different from past results (e.g.…”

Quantitative Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Effervescent Systems II: Stability Monitoring by Reactivity and Porosity Measurements

“…The experimental design contained three inherent restrictions on randomization, which were accounted for in the design of the statistical analysis model (3)(4)(5). The first restriction occurred when all tablet compression work was done under one manufacturing condition prior to the second condition.…”

Relationship of pheasant populations and soils in central Iowa

“…In Illinois, attempts to establish pheasants in an area south of the primary range have failed, despite findings which show that this anciently glaciated area supports quantitatively and qualitatively a grit equally as rich in grit as a recently glaciated area in the heart of the Illinois pheasant range (Harper and Labisky 1964). Also in Illinois, Anderson (1964) found that reproductive success of pheasants released south of the presently occupied range was similar to that of pheasants in s elf-maintaining populations, thereby indicating that the continued decline, and probable eventual failure of the release was not due to a calcium deficiency during the breeding season. Bennitt and Terrill (1940) were apparently the first to propose temperature as the factor most likely responsible for the failure of the pheasant in the southern United States.…”

“…Other factors at present unknown or others not previously considered, may be involved. Furthermore, the recent study of Anderson (1964) questions the assumption that the factors responsible act only through reproduc tion.…”

“…Possibly the lack or iiabalance of one or more of these "unknown ingredients" results in suppression of the population below its threshold level. The work of Ellis and Anderson (1963) and Anderson (1964) indicating that mortality of adult pheasants and not poor reproduction was responsible for the con tinued decline of pheasant releases in southern Illinois, suggests that up to the present perhaps too much attention has been given to investiga tion of factors thought important in limiting reproduction rather than those influencing mortality. Baskett (1947) and Klonglan (1954) on the Winnebago Area.…”